Psych Profile of Kennedy

During one of the most tumultuous times in United States history, our president John F. Kennedy exhibited his decision making style and leadership qualities such as vision, delegation, focus, and ambition. His term was short lived, lasting only two years and ten months, but in that time he made a great impact on the United States and even the world. He was so important because he was a great leader in a time when the United States was in dire need of one. John F. Kennedy’s leadership qualities and decision making style reflected in the ways he responded to such events as The Cuban Missile Crisis and The Bay of Pigs Invasion. John F. Kennedy was a strong president; he showed vision, decision making style, and delegation through his enactment of policies and the decisions he made while he was president. These three aspects of his character provide a framework for how he handled situations. â€Å"'Vision' mobilizes external support for the leader's overarching goals, and charts out a national direction. ‘Decision making style' focuses on the ‘internal', process-oriented aspects of leadership. The Delegation factor assesses what competence and perspectives that will bring input into the decision-making which will carry out the vision. Kennedy was concerned with the national security of the country and did everything he could to ensure the safety of its people. One of the decisions carried out by John F. Kennedy was the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an invasion of the Bay of Pigs in Cuba by special CIA trained Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The decision was ultimately made by John F. Kennedy and it failed in just a couple of days. Many men had died and others were taken as prisoners of war. Kennedy would eventually have to negotiate for the release of well over 1,000 survivors. The invasion failed for a number of reasons. Kennedy’s Presidential advisory committee made six false assumptions regarding the Bay of Pigs Invasion: no one will know that the United States was responsible for the invasion of Cuba, the Cuban air force does not pose a threat, the Cuban exiles have high morale and are willing to carry out the mission without any support, Castro’s army is weak, the invasion will spark a revolution among people in Cuba, and if the brigade doesn’t succeed then they can retreat to the Escambray Mountains. Kennedy admitted later that he had his doubts about the mission but kept them to himself. â€Å"†How could I have been so stupid?   President John F. Kennedy asked that after the Bay of Pigs fiasco. He called it a â€Å"colossal mistake. †Ã‚  It left him feeling depressed, guilty, bitter, and in tears. One historian later called the Bay of Pigs, â€Å"one of those rare events in history — a perfect failure. â€Å"† So why then, did Kennedy not voic e his concerns? There was an underlying force that was apparent while Kennedy was discussing the invasion with his advisors, it is known as Groupthink. Irving L. Janis wrote a book explaining group think and failures that occurred in history as a result of it, The Bay of Pigs invasion being one of them. Janis describes Groupthink as â€Å"An excessive form of concurrence speaking among members of high prestige, tightly-knit policy making groups. It is excessive to the extent that the group members have come to value the group (and their being part of it) higher than anything else. This causes them to strive for a quick and painless unanimity on the issues that the group has to confront. To preserve the clubby atmosphere, group members suppress personal doubts, silence dissenters, and go along with the general consensus of the group. † This theory of groupthink has affected many groups in history negatively. Had groupthink not been present then the Bay of Pigs Invasion may not have even happened. All it would’ve taken was for the closed mouth president to speak up and voice his opinion about how it could go wrong. Mongar argues that it appeared as though â€Å"Kennedy experienced difficulty separating the administrative and political functions of the presidency, which would have been understandable in view of the fact that the Bay of Pigs was his first important political decision. † As far as the Bay of Pigs is concerned, Kennedy started out as a simple decision maker or foreign policy leader. He would since become a more complex decision maker, using carefulness and strategy to implement policies and decisions. Kennedy later revised his group decision-making process to encourage more dissent and debate. This change would later help to avert a potential nuclear disaster. Even though the Bay of Pigs Invasion turned out to be a complete failure, Kennedy demonstrated that he was ambitious. He was a new president and wanted to start off strong, so given the opportunity to attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro, he took it. This showed in his actions following the invasion as well, for he had to negotiate for the lives of over a thousand survivors or POW’s that were captured during the failed invasion. The psych or individual attributes of any given leader are important in the decision making process. Some situations even encourage leaders to fuse their own attributes with the problems they’re dealing with. The Cuban Missile Crisis can be attributed as being one of those occasions. The Cold War Rivalry had been extremely high between America and the Soviet Union for years. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event that had the entire world standing in fear and attention. In October of 1962, aerial photos showed Soviet nuclear missile sites that were armed in Cuba. If the program were to continue, their nuclear warheads would be able to reach most of the United States. John F. Kennedy’s first inclination was to launch an air strike to take out the missiles; but upon further speculation and debate with his advisors he concluded that it would be a poor idea, thinking back to the debacle of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He instead decided to use soft power through negotiations and blockades. Soft power is the use of alternatives to military conflict such as treaties, negotiations, and policies. Kennedy was offended by what he believed were false assurances from Khrushchev that the Soviet Union was only introducing defensive weapons to Cuba as a means to defend the country from a potential attack from America. Kennedy said that the missiles would have to be removed because he did not want it to have a negative effect on the â€Å"global political balance. He took the action of making a quarantine or blockade around Cuba, which was considered an act of war but he did not think that the Soviet Union would launch an attack from a mere blockade. What this meant was that every ship entering or leaving Cuba was to be inspected by the U. S. Navy, mainly for offensive weapons of any kind. The failure that Kennedy faced from the Bay of Pigs Invasion was not something that he was willing to face a second time , especially since in this case it could mean the fate of the world. He was diligent and focused in his plan with the Cuban Missile Crisis. â€Å"†¦Kennedy's succorance need and his obsession for competence: demonstrable expertise. In general, the implementation groups brought together in crisis situations were superior to any the White House has ever known. The indirect effects were largely cognitive, involving the manner in which his operational regulators structured and expectations of his advisers: Kennedy's pessimism about he probability of failure sharpened their sense of professional craftsmanship and dedication to sound judgment; his sense of caution produced a reluctance to act prematurely which usually gave them more time to work; his natural skepticism encouraged them to thoroughly question every conclusion and item of information encountered. † This shows that through Kennedy’s personality traits, he was able to influence the people around him and thus making everything run smoothly. He had a sense of caution and thoroug hness that enabled him and his advisors to handle the situation without any hiccups.

Does It Pay Off

Compare/ assess HSBC and Citi-corps IT strategies. Do they invest in IT primarily as a way of cutting costs and improving their operational efficiencies, or do they invest strategically with a view to entrench their competitive positions? As noted in the conclusion of the article written by the Asia Case Research Center and the University of Hong Kong HCBC and Citigroup have both developed into global financial institutions.Both organizations have heavily invested in Information Technology and, as is self-reported in both companies’ financial statements, both are committed to using IT to gain a competitive advantage. That is where the similarities end. When we examine the details it is obvious that although both firms have heavily invested in IT advancements the types of projects and overall approach are very different. Let us first look at HSBC. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation was founded by Thomas Southerland in 1865 with branches in London Shanghai, and San F rancisco.By the year 2007 the company had grown to have 9500 offices, 200,000 shareholders, 310,000 employees and over 125 million customers spanning 76 countries. HSBC built their business based on the philosophy of managing for value from 1998 through 2003 with the objective of providing a satisfactory return on shareholder capital. One of the primary ways HSBC attempted to accomplish this strategy was through its approach to leveraging technology.An example of the company’s technology strategy is found in a statement which was part of the company’s 1996 annual report. In this report the company described its IT policy as a strategy based on harnessing the power of new technology to provide new and better services for their customers while simultaneously improving the banks operational efficiencies. Then stated the challenge they saw as a global financial services organization factored highly around their ability to link different parts of the group more closely toge ther.As one progress’s further into the details of HSBC’s information technology approach numerous examples of this 1996 strategy are apparent in the organizations approach to the use of information technology. HSBC’s history appears dotted with instances of the development of ground breaking Independent systems, outsourcing to save costs, and acquisitions of emerging technologies. Despite the hefty price tag the company remained focused on providing innovate value added products and services to both current and prospective customers. Outsourcing is one key to the operational efficiency approach mentioned in its 1996 annual report.HSBC opened its first offshore processing center in China in 1996 and by 2007 had more than 18,000 employees across Asia spanning ten (10) Asian countries. HSBC estimated that by transferring its back office processing to India and China it saved the organization approximately 30 million U. S dollars annually. Further savings were real ized in 2003 when the bank merged and consolidated HSBC and HSBC Finance’s technology service teams later leading to the offshoring of the HSBC Group Service Center creating another 67 million in annual savings.In total HSBC claims that offshoring provides the bank an estimated cost savings of over 100 million U. S dollars annually. Meanwhile HSBC took on more IT staff to support service improvement projects and online banking. Heavily investing in platforms and applications designed to extend or streamline the online process HSBC fully embraced ecommerce. Beginning in 1998 with their successful Y2K testing and implementation HSBC heavily invested in the internet as a means of reaching new customers and deepening current customer relationships.Some of the projects were internally innovated however, most were a product of strategic acquisitions and/or partnerships with other organizations HSBC is very focused on innovation the company has used its innovative focus to successfu lly leverage the power of the internet to reach customers around the world. To create the world’s most inclusive efficient internet portal the company has worked with several different organizations that could assist in furthering its digital capabilities Some examples of these partnerships are:.Working with Compaq to design an internet payment gateway, partnering with HTK to enable merchants to set up online store fronts, working with MasterCard to develop and launch Asia’s first electronic wallet, cooperating with IBM to develop multichannel banking services, teaming up with Sky digital satellite to launch the UK’s first television banking system, and finally a joint venture with Merrill Lynch to introduce online brokerage services. At the same time the bank was partnering with multiple organizations developing several technology offerings things were also being innovated internally.HSBC developed and delivered many value added products and services like launc hing mobile banking and secure net payments for merchants in 1999, the creation of Ibusinesscorporation. com and HSBC. com. HSBC. com which was designed to create a common presentation of all HSBC’s services at any time anywhere to any of its customers was the crown jewel of the technology strategy. Overall the company dedicated a large percentage of its IT budget time and focus on the development, expansion, functionality and inclusiveness of creating a comprehensive online presence.HSBC spent 164 million dollars on the website hsbc. com in 2001 alone. The internet strategy seemed to pay off for HSBC creating large gains in number of customers and transactions. Overall gains were seen in commercial and consumer banking with increases in customer numbers in both divisions. Overall the bank saw its customer number increase 24% with online transactions increasing a whopping 116%. however this massive push online left the company with 26 websites and over 1. 1 billion dollars in expenses.In contrast to the HSBC’s strategies for utilization of IT recourses Citicorp followed the diversified financial services model built on the belief that different financial service products should be conglomerated to balance earnings and to create less earnings volatility. The company believed it was more cost effective to cross sell financial products in one go than to sell them separately. Different than the wide corporate structure found within HSBC Citicorp only consists of three major business groups all primarily supported by standard corporate infrastructure. While both banks focused on lobal growth HSBC focused on innovation and leveraging the internet to reach current and potential customers Citi corps approach was that of growth, commonality, and local control. Unlike HSBC, Citigroup took an integrated approach to its IT governance worldwide. By using a combination of packaged and customized software to develop group wide platforms Citigroup enhanced the s trength of its extensive international branch network to facilitate knowledge exchange across borders. Since IT projects at Citi were often initiated with a local business unit typically they were designed with local solutions in mind.The only truly global requirement placed on the innovating branch were that the local system be capable of effectively and efficiently being linked with Citi groups existing system and that security arrangements could be made. The key for Citi was the consistent platform and the ability to share knowledge across space not necessarily that it was internet driven and deployable to the whole world. Also in stark contrast to the HSBC strategy of cost savings through outsourcing, Citigroup pursued IT outsourcing only in a very limited way and not for strategic initiatives.While HSBC was building strategic initiatives with numerous external companies Citigroup took on projects like the 750 million dollar project in the 90’s to integrate the banks 60,0 00 personal computer and 2,000 LAN’s worldwide into a common global network and system infrastructure. The power of its integrated technology platform would later be demonstrated by the rapid integration of the 750 branch CitiFinancial system By 2000 Citigroup had leveraged its strong common technology platform and its international branch presence to launch its own online presence, Citi on the net.Directly related to their standard technology and growth platforms by the end of the year 2000 Citigroup had over 800 million online accounts in an effort to deliver convenience and value to its clients. Citigroup created new internet units including e-commerce, e-business, and e-capital markets to empower the existing business lines while simultaneously creating an internet operating group to drive the corporate internet strategy and again use it to coordinate efforts across divisions. By 2002 Citi on the net had been replaced by â€Å"my citi. om† providing the platform ne cessary to allow the bank the ability to make online banking available in over 90 countries ultimately leading to processing over 39 million transactions around the world in rout to being named â€Å"best of the web 2003† The banking giants internally driven internet strategy seemed to culminate with the launch of Citibank direct in 2006 and nearly 10 billion dollars in deposits. Overall in my perception of the IT strategies of both Citi and HSBC their direction of IT investment does not appear to fit into one black or white strategy however appears more likely to exist on a continuum.I believe there are examples of both HSBC and CITI investing in IT as a way of cutting costs and improving their operational efficiencies. With HSBC one example of this is outsourcing. With regard to Citi one example is the focus on standard systems providing local solutions. Additionally, I believe both organizations also used technology effectively as strategies to entrench their competitive p ositions. HSBC as a platform to cost effectively expand its global reach without the costly build-out of constructing an extensive global brick and mortar branch network through the use of the internet.In contrast, for CITI to be able to provide local solutions by leveraging its global knowledge, services, and offerings to provide value added products and services to current and prospective clients. In closing not addressed directly in the article but appears to be relevant as I look at the different IT approaches taken by both Citi and HSBC is where they started. Both companies come from different backgrounds created in different environments for the purpose of serving different clients.Although eventually their worlds collided their roots seems quite different. I can’t help but wonder, to what degree were the different approach to types and amounts of investment in IT between the two global banking giants has to be attributed to (1) Different business strategy’s with each company recognizing its own path of least resistance to accomplish their organizations goals. (2) The best way to leverage the current asset base of each individual organization. 2. In your assessment, which one of the companies do you think was cleverer in its IT investments?Both organizations appear to have shown the ability to differentiate one’s organization through the use of technology when technology that can complement their overall business strategy comes available. For Citibank this availability arose through an increase in recourses by the organization; conversely, for HSBC through technological advancements made in the market place. My perception is that both companies utilized IT investments like a vehicle, to get from where they were to where they wanted to be.The numbers provided in the back of this report show the companies are strikingly similar in many ways despite their very different beginnings and historical decisions regarding investment in IT. Fiv e factors compared n the report are compiled below that both demonstrate their striking similarity but also provide clues to who at least for now is winning the battle for global banking clients. Category(2006)| Citi-Bank| HSBC| Leader| #of Employees| 325,000| 312,000| Citi-Bank| IT expenditures| 3762| 4810| Citibank| Net-Profit| 21538| 16358| Citi-Bank| Total Assets| 1,884,318| 1,712,627| Citi-Bank|Market Capitalization| 269. 1| 212| Citi-Bank| | ROA| 1. 14%| 0. 96%| By doing some basic calculations using the numbers above it is easy to see that as of the time of this report the company with the best history of performance was clearly Citi-Bank. Although total assets and number of employees are strikingly similar the difference in the organizations is clearly found in three areas. Net profit, IT expenditure’s, and market capitalization. ROA for HSBC is . 96% which signifies it is destroying shareholder capital by losing 4 cents for every dollar invested.Conversely, Citi-Bank with an ROA of 1. 14% is creating value by transforming every 1$ invested in the company into 1. 14 cents providing a 14% return annually. Another metric not common in finance but appears pertinent here would be an employee to IT expenditure’s ratio where HSBC spent $15,416. 67 per employee and Citi-Bank spent $11,575. 38. The second ratio that appears to point to an adjusted IT strategy for HSBC is a total asset to IT expenditure ratio in which again HSBC spends 28% of its total assets on. IT where Citibank again has a better ratio at 20% of its total assets.Neither of these last two ratios is very common but both appear to be where HSBC could attempt to close the Gap in financial performance between the two companies. Finally of note needs to be the difference in market cap Assuming both companies have a fairly equal amount of issued common equity the fact that Citi-Banks market cap is 57 billion dollars higher that HSBC demonstrates to me that when the marginal investor c ompares the perceived future performance comparing both companies current business plan investors believe with more confidence that Citi-Bank will generate I higher return on investment and stronger cash flows than will HSBC.Despite HSBC’s efforts to cut costs be on the forefront of banking innovation Citicorp clearly was able to leverage its vast global network of fixed assets in a standardized approach more successfully than HSBC was able to leverage the internet to increase its profitability through global expansion. In closing I again wonder if part of the increased performance Citicorp sees beyond that which is seen by HSBC is related to cultural bias Simple current consumer preference in the majority of the cultures in which both firms operate.In conclusion, the writer would like to briefly mention potential factors that came to mind while reading this article. Thinking outside the numbers part of me believes that although trends are less prevalent than they have been f or generations past, several groups of people, are particularly fond of being able to bank at a physical location. Some don’t believe in banking at all. Like the trail that amazon is blazing in the online retail market place online banking platforms are different than most people are used to.Change is often strange and sometimes difficult but if HSBC’s IT strategy is ever to pay off it must hope like amazon that as time passes if more people become comfortable with the idea of online banking their model may thrive. However, until that time unless it were to drastically change its business model and begin to invest in a global network of physical bank branches HSBC’s best strategy may be to stay the course of investing in driving customers more towards the feeling of convenience than perceived safety.

Analysis of How to Tame a Wild Tongue

How to tame a wild tongue is an article by Gloria Anzar Dua. This article focuses on different types of Spanish speaking, in that case Anzaldua focuses on losing an accent to fit the environment she lives in. The problem applied in this article is that Spanish said that Spanish articles were divided into various parts and not fully considered. . How to tame the summary and analysis of the wild tongue reveals the experience of American poet, critic, novelist and essayist Gloria Anzarduwa. The way to tame the wild tongue is the book Borderlands / La Frontera published in 1987. This is one of the major works that she believes is an important person in Cicano literature. This book is largely divided into two parts. The first part consists of seven papers, the second part has several poems. Our focus is on how to tame the wild tongue. In general, Borderlands / La Frontera emphasizes her experience as a woman living in a border with various countries and cultures. A woman like herself is c alled Mixed Blood as it explains it in a book. How to adjust the summary and analysis of wild tongue will focus on the view of Gloria  · Anzardua's language and identity. In this article I will explain the people of Chicano living on the border between the United States and Mexico. It also makes it clear that the conquest of Europe has political, spiritual and socio-economic impacts on indigenous peoples in the border areas. Most people think that language and identity are synonyms of each other? How to familiarize yourself with wild tongue analysis reveals to us that this may not be the case. Ethnic identity should be the basis of self-validation. Regardless of the negative reaction of others to diversity, anyone can self-verify. For a long time, Gloria Anzaldua caused others to make a negative reaction to her identity, as Chicano influences her self esteem. A general argument about tying her wild tongue Gloria Anzardua in her work How to tame a wild tongue is that barbarous word s can not be tamed, but can only be truncated is. More specifically, she believes that each of the different accents causes serious confusion in the great culture. In this article, I write as follows. We squeeze each other, talking like a tikanos, trying to meet Chikano trying to become a real ticanos. Finally, Anzaldua's idea is that this separation led to an internal struggle between Spanish cultures. In our opinion, Anzaldua is correct as well. Because one culture is suppressed by another culture. More specifically, each accent in Spanish tries to transcend other accent to gain control. Some people may object to the fact that it is still just a language, but we believe that having different accent may lead to understanding problems. This argument is

The Elements of Multidisciplinary Approach Addressing the Needs of Essay

The Elements of Multidisciplinary Approach Addressing the Needs of Female Offenders - Essay Example Reports revealed that most women offenders are mothers, and females who have experienced some form of abuse, with broken homes, big financial problems or unable to sustain stable jobs, addiction to drugs and alcohol, psychological distress, with low self-esteem, with a history of severe emotional and verbal abuse, and a lot more. There is then a need to continuously educate the public in supporting and even intervening to prevent or at least minimize these increasing problems, especially the juvenile. The school, family, and community are avenues where the government and non-government agencies should focus on. As they say in medicine, prevention is better than cure. It does apply to our community as well that before making the multidisciplinary approach in addressing the needs of female offenders, it is quite proper to first identify and treat the causes. It is harder to come up with solutions when females already became offenders and eventually are in jail. Strip-search and â€Å" squat and cough† are only among the procedures undergone by every female offender before entering their prison cells which could be really humiliating and completely no privacy. Then there’s booking, mugshots, fingerprints, medical screening, shower (with no doors) and changing into a jail uniform. After this, the female offender is taken to her cell where the worst things can happen. Many women are abused while in prison and can be subjected to conditions which not only revictimize them but are below international human rights standards which the United States has endorsed (Belknap). This should be then another concern of the government to re-evaluate available treatment programs in correctional institutions and do some program revisions as needed. It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system starting from the police, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and corrections to come up with a multidisciplinary approach exclusively designed for them. Women, as describe d are far more emotional. Emotions make women whole people; without emotions, women would be machines (Booher 17).  

Immunolocalization of the microtubule cytoskeleton Essay

Immunolocalization of the microtubule cytoskeleton - Essay Example The most prominent methods are: Western blot, spectrophotometry, enzyme assay, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining. In immunostaining, the method used during this procedure, an antibody is used to detect a specific protein epitope. These antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Then enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase are commonly used to catalyse reactions that give a coloured or chemiluminescent product. Fluorescent molecules can be visualised using fluoresence microscopy. During this experiment, the distribution of the protein tubulin in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells is explored. A monoclonal antibody that is specific for the -subunit of tubulin is used. Tubulin polymerizes into long, 25-nm wide microtubules that we will visualize with tubulin antibodies. The formation and maintenance of microtubules is cold sensitive. At 4C, microtubules are destabilized and they depolymerize. At 37C, human body temperature, they remain polymerized. Photograph 1 shows cells incubated at 4 0C, while photograph 2 shows cells incubated at 37 0C. At this stage of the procedure, microtubules cannot be detected in either of the photographs. 3 separate plates are used to create the NRK cells culture. ... The coverslip is then immersed in 3.7% formaldehyde (in PBS) at room temperature. Immersion in 0.2% Triton-X 100 (in PBS) detergent at room temperature follows. To prevent the subsequent antibody from sticking non-specifically to the cells on the coverslip, the coverslips should be incubated with cell-side-up with a 100-l droplet of 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA). The incubation is done on a piece of Parafilm in a humid Petri dish for 15 minutes. An anti-tubulin dilution is prepared with 1 part antibody + 75 parts 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS. A 200 l total of antibody is necessary for the three coverslips. This tubulin antibody is a monoclonal antibody (12G10) and recognizes the -subunit of tubulin. Then each coverslip is overlayed each with a 100-l droplet of the diluted tubulin antibody. After that, a secondary antibody with 1 + 200 in 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS is used. The coverslips are placed back into the Petri dish chamber and overlay with a 100-l droplet of secondary antibody and they are incubate for 30 minutes at 37C. Therefore, we have 3 coverslips, all treated with the secondary antibody, 2 of them are treated with the primary antibody (one of them is incubated at 37C, and the other incubated at 4C) and 1 that is not treated with the primary antibody (incubated at 37C). The coverslips then are placed back into the Petri dish chamber and are overlaid for 30 minutes at 37C with a100-l droplet of Vectastain ABC reagent. This reagent contains a complex of avidin and the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). They are washed again with PBS. The drops of DAB (diaminobenzidine; a carcinogenic compound) are applied to the coverslips and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes. After DAB incubation,

Unit 6 management of information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unit 6 management of information systems - Essay Example 3 years tracking duration, use two sales tracking methods, and promise being able to be part of an ‘exclusive group of affiliates’ so that affiliates can â€Å"be happy and earn money†. There is no cost to join, and participation is open to everyone but subject to review. Program Details: Monthly payments by paypal or wire transfer with a minimum payout of $100. Joining the program requires filling in a registration form, after which the website will be evaluated for suitability. No other promises are made. Program Details: Site promises to give 50% of any income it receives from visitors referred. Payment is monthly as long as the amount exceeds $25 otherwise it gets carried over to the next. No further promises are made. Choose a topic in which you are interested. Select three different search engines (e.g., Google, Yahoo!, and MSN) and use them to look for information about the subject. Rank the performance of each site. A long list of sites that provide too broad a range of information is bad; a shorter list of sites that provide more narrowly defined information is good. Explain your ranking. The topic selected to test the search engines was ‘making a solar powered water heater’. The aim was to obtain detailed information with clear instruction on how to make such a device on one’s own. The search engines tested were Google, Yahoo and MSN accessed on 10 August 2009, and only the first page of results were analyzed. After entering the key terms ‘make’, ‘solar’, ‘power’, ‘water’ and ‘heater’, the following results were obtained: Google returned about 545,000 results displaying the first 10 (as standard) in 0.25 seconds, plus a further 11 sponsored links. The top link in the list was http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/WaterHeating/water_heating.htm. This is an excellent collection of copious information and links (with summaries) to other sites rightly deserving its position at no.1. Yahoo’s top result was at no. 2 on

Global Trade And The Opec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Global Trade And The Opec - Essay Example World spare capacity fell below 1.5 mbd - the biggest since 1976. Looking ahead, crude oil will probably stay as a primary source of energy in and beyond the next three decades necessitating large upfront investments. Likewise, traditional non-OPEC production is expected to reach its zenith in 2010 due to depletion of current fields and net declines in proven reserves. As such, a substantial quantity of the incremental capacity will have to come from OPEC which today controls around 80% of proven oil reserves. OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a stable inter-governmental association composed presently of eleven oil generating and exporting nations from across three continents (America, Asia and Africa). The member countries are Algeria, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates & Venezuela. These nations have an aggregate population of about 545 million and oil is the most important commodity and foreign exchange earner. Therefore, for these countries, oil is the chief element for development - social, political and economic. The income derived from oil is used not only to spread out and inflate their economic and industrial base, it is also utilized to provide their people with jobs, education, health care and a decent standard of living. Primary objectives of the organization include: * the synchronization and bringing together of petroleum policies of member countries and ascertaining the most logical means for protecting their individual and collective interests; *the search for judicious methods to guarantee the stabilization of prices in global oil markets with the view to reduce and eventually do away with destructive and unnecessary fluctuations; and *the need to give an efficient economic and consistent supply of petroleum to consuming countries and a reasonable return of investment to those infusing capital in the petroleum industry. OPEC sets oil production quotas. For one, its Statute requires that it pursues stability and harmony in the petroleum market for the benefit of oil producers and consumers. In response to this, member countries take action on market fundamentals and forecast developments by organizing well and managing prudently their petroleum policies. One simple and probable response is production regulation. If demand increases, or some producers are producing less than what it is expected of them, OPEC can increase its oil production so as to prevent a drastic change/rise in prices. OPEC can also slow down on its production in response to market conditions. Does OPEC control the oil market or does it have the capacity to control the market and influence oil prices Member countries produce about 43% of the world's crude oil and 18% of its natural gas. However, in addition to that, OPEC's oil exports also represent about 51% of the crude oil traded worldwide. Hence, OPEC has a strong influence on the oil market, especially if it decides to reduce or increase its level of production. Crude Oil and Gasoline Prices Several significant components trigger and eventually cause the retail price of gasoline to change over different periods of time. First, price of gasoline strongly

Business Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Logistics - Essay Example Among its many achievements, the company boasts of being the largest employer in the industry it operates in besides being a leader in the area of research and development judging by the nature of investment it has made in the recent past. Moreover, Jaguar is also one of the leading exporters of manufactured vehicles from the United Kingdom with the company claiming an 80% stake in the country. Some of the major world destinations its brands have been exported to include China, the United States, Germany, Russia and Italy. The company has seen many changes and since the year 2008, it has come to be owned by Tata Motors Limited. Its strategic approach has been based on a sustainable development policy, which has meant that the company has to integrate its strategic decision making with the goal of remaining responsible and ethical to all stakeholders and the society as well as the environment affected by its operations. On the financial front, the company’s overall results have remained impressive with the group announcing a pre-tax profit of  £ 1,507 million in March 2012 (Jaguar Land Rover 2012). In the area of logistics, the company has been on a massive expansion and therefore the scope of its operations has diversified in the recent years. To sum up the extent of its operations, the automotive giant has three manufacturing plants in the United Kingdom in addition to its two product development sites. The company’s investment portfolio therefore requires that it is able to appropria tely manage its process flows and integrate modern logistic concepts in its day-to-day operations so that it remains to be a leader in the industry. To begin, it is important that we examine the existing operational flows in the company. With competition and technological advancement the key drivers, most manufacturing firms in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

MOVE Philadelphia Bombing - Research Paper Example in the world, and the means through which these are reported, ultimately have a profound and lasting impact with regards to the awareness of society, understanding of class, differentiation of race, and ultimate understanding of self worth. As such, the impact that the news media has with regards to helping an individual understand each of these complex interpersonal and societal dynamics is profound. Due to the unique history that the United States has thus far exhibited, a unique current of racial tension and undercurrent of strife exists at almost every level of society. This is partly due to the fact that racial perceptions of African-Americans and black activism’s are inherently stronger as compared to those that exist within white communities and individuals. The MOVE bombing in Philadelphia shows the disparity in treatment of black activists, both for their tactics and the representation. In the aftermath of the MOVE bombing, those responsible downplay the racial undert ones of the decision to bomb the activist; however, scholars and researchers note the fact that even when political projects, â€Å"Overtly claim to hold colorblind views, (they) covertly manipulate racial fears in order to achieve political gains†. (Omni & Winant 58). . As a means of understanding the way in which media and society effectively redefined a particular issue as a means of making it more palatable, this particular analysis will focus upon the 1970s and 1980s with respect to activism, black militant activism, and the microcosm of understanding is that the MOVE bombing of Philadelphia can help the reader to achieve. It is the further hope of this author that such a level of understanding will be useful with regards to not only understanding the unique dynamics of societal and racial tensions that helps to define the era in question, it is also the hope of this author that the MOVE bombing will help to shed a level of light and understanding with regards to the way in which

International Management Essay Example for Free

International Management Essay Q.1. Good governance is one of the qualifying features for attracting inward investment. What ways in which governance can be improved to help countries benefit from foreign investment? Globerman and Shapiro (2002) studied the effects of governance quality on Foreign Direct Investment inflows and outflows, by using a sample of developing and developed countries between 1995-1997. They applied HDI (Human Development Index) and ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index) along with Kaufmann’s six governance indicators which include: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) to assess the impact. They found that good governance had a strong positive relationship with FDI inflows. Thus, countries can benefit the most from inward investment by improving on the six dimensions of governance suggested by Kaufman et al (2009). Inward investment generates job opportunities for local people and increase the level of economic activity in the host country. It also raises competition in the domestic market and the standard of living of people by improving the quality of products/services being offered, reducing prices and giving more value for money. With FDI inflows, developing countries benefit from transfer of technology and management practices. Many MNCs (Multi-national companies) drive research development, innovation and are responsible for training the human capital of a less developed host country. Labor productivity and increase in real incomes of citizens of a country are important benefits of FDI inflows into a country. Countries must encourage economic freedom and liberalize trade in order to benefit from FDI inflows. A sound financial system including banks, stock markets and bond markets attract foreign investors. A strong financial system allows MNCs to expand and reach their expected potential and does not limit their growth due to capital constraints (Alam, Mian Smith). When MNCs get opportunities to expand their operations, they make investments in the host country. This additional investment from foreign investors and companies drive economic growth and development in the host country. Governments must develop secure property rights, put in place an efficient public sector and limit regulatory bans and restrictions on foreign companies. Governments must take measures to improve the investment climate (by offering incentives, tax holidays, reduce import duties) to attract and retain foreign investment. Also, governance should be made transparent and free of corruption to gain maximum benefit from FDI inflows (Globerman, Shapiro, Tang, 2004). Â  Government regulation should only aim to correct market failure and protect the welfare of the consumers, environment, employees and society. Bureaucracy, red tapism, complex documentation and regulations should be eliminated to attract more foreign investment and derive maximum benefits from it. Corruption not only deters foreign investors but also limits the spill over effects of economic growth and development to the masses. To reap the maximum benefit out of inward investments is to improve governance in the areas of human capital development. An educated and healthy workforce not only attracts foreign investors but also facilitates quick and effective knowledge and skills transfer. A less skilled and physically weak human resource of a host country starts to rely on the foreign investors and learn nothing from them. Thus, governance and budget allocations in the areas of human capital and infrastructure development must be improved. Such effective governance that protects local interests from unwarranted exploitation but also at the same time creates a conducive environment for foreign investment benefits the most. Q.2. Is sustainability a new meaning? Discuss the extent to which businesses and government have joined up to sustainability? Sustainability was well defined in a 1987 UN Conference as ‘meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs’. This encompasses ecological sustainability and human sustainability. Ecological sustainability refers to ‘redesigning organizations to contribute to sustainable economic development and the protection and renewal of the biosphere’ (Dunphy, 2000). Human sustainability means ‘building human capability and skills for sustainable high level organizational performance and for community and societal well-being’ (Dunphy, 2000). Many businesses and governments did not include sustainability as one of their primary objectives to achieve. Business organizations focused all their efforts and strategies on maximizing profits, even if that entailed exploiting the environment and depleting natural resources to obtain short term financial benefits. Governments too ignored this important issue. However, this widespread ignorance and disinterest towards sustainable development that prevailed ten years ago has been reversed. The awareness about the issue has increased now but a lack of cooperation and understanding between the businesses and governments has limited the success of initiatives towards sustainable development. There is a battle between voluntarism and compulsion going on between governments and businesses (Cowe Porritt, 2002). According to Cowe and Porritt, prominent businesses understand their responsibilities, but governments have not taken up their share of responsibilities, suggesting that voluntary business action towards sustainable development is better as compared to government intervention that ultimately has a negative impact. Government policy makers wrongly believe that attaining sustainability just involves devising environmental controls or employee protection laws to reduce exploitation while the businesses hold that by increasing the efficiency and productivity of their existing production systems they can prevent wastage of resources and environmental degradation. Sustainability actually involves developing whole new business models and incorporating organizational cultural change. It is the job of the governments to create awareness and give incentives for businesses to change their policies, procedures and incorporate sustainability in their vision and mission. U.S department of Commerce presents an example where a government department has increased the awareness sustainability. U.S Department of Commerce has encouraged U.S. firms to implement sustainable manufacturing practices. Instead of creating environmental and employee laws and levying tax charges on firms, the U.S Department of Commerce has spread the perception that firms that adopt environmental and economically sustainable manufacturing processes are able to reduce their cost of doing business and gain competitive advantage. U.S Department of Commerce’s Manufacturing Services unit has introduced a Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative (SMI) and Public-Private Dialogue with the aim of outlining U.S. industry’s most pressing sustainable manufacturing challenges and coordinating public and private sector efforts to address these challenges (International Trade Administration, 2010). Q.3. Using familiar case study, apply and critically evaluate the strategies for expansion into emerging markets? In recent times China and India, the two most fast emerging markets in Asia, have presented great opportunities and large market segments to be explored by foreign multinational companies. These countries not only have large consumer bases for products of international companies but also provide highly talented, educated yet less costly human resource (Van de Kuil, 2008). Taking the case of India, we understand that various MNCs have used different expansion strategies to enter the Indian market. Licensing and franchising is an effective expansion strategy. Licensing refers to an arrangement by which the licensor or the international company gives the right to the licensee to use patent rights, trademarks, copyrights or product or processes know how (Levi, 2007). Franchising refers to an arrangement or relationship whereby a franchisor provides a license to the franchisee to use the franchisor’s brand name, production techniques and management techniques in another geographic market. Franchising was used by McDonalds to enter the Indian market. The advantage that McDonald’s had by using franchising to expand into the Indian market was that it did not have to invest large sums of money in India and so did not face any financial risks and development and set up costs of business. It was not only a cost effective way of expansion but it was a quick way to expand. Franchisor (McDonald’s) has considerable control over the management and processes of the franchisee and at the same time benefits from the local knowledge of customer behavior and market trends that the Indian franchisee possesses. The Indian franchisee benefitted as it did not have to develop brand identity or brand positioning. It simply had to leverage the already established brand name and equity of McDonald’s. However, a major challenge that McDonald’s had to face in India was that of maintaining quality standards that it has internationally. In developing countries, it is difficult to find employees that are already trained to carry out the standard services. Strategic alliances and Joint Ventures are other important expansion strategies used by foreign companies to enter the Indian market. Strategic alliance refers to an agreement between two companies in order to combine their value chain activities for the purpose of competition advantage (Levi, 2007). Joint Venture occurs when one company has enough stake in another company that gives it a right to voice opinions in management issues but does not allow it to dominate. When the international retail giant – Wal-Mart wanted to expand its business to India, it formed a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises, Inc in 2006. Wal-Mart benefitted immensely from this joint venture to establish itself in the Indian market. Both Wal-Mart and Bharti Enterprise were able to form a working business unit (Fea, 2009). Wal-Mart was able to mitigate reputational and legal risks as it had a local partner involved. It was able to comply with all the Indian government restriction for foreign investors. The only likely threat to both the parties of this joint venture is that conflict of objectives and strategies may create rift between the two partners and raise risks for both.

Factors that influence choice of leadership style

Factors that influence choice of leadership style Identify factors that will influence your choice of leadership styles and explain why your leadership styles are likely to positively affect your team In todays business world, leadership is more important than ever and while organizations have focused on identifying leadership competencies as a means of gaining competitive advantage, the quality of leadership is still a concern. Typically organizations identify a number of leadership competencies of behaviours that are important to leading the business effectively. Naturally with any developmental experience offered, the organization would like to see its leaders improve in as many competencies as possible. This is where the enhancement of Emotional Intelligence skills can provide significant leverage and value. Any team develops into an effective unit in a number of stages and over a period of time. The form of leadership required from the leader has to be appropriate to the stage of development of the team. In the 1960s Bruce Tuckman published a model for developing team effectiveness, identifying four stages; Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing. This has close parallels with Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership model where the leadership style changes from telling, through selling and participating and on to delegating as the team becomes more mature.   It also fits with the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum which describes initial use of authority by the leader developing into greater freedom for team members as the team develops. The models all tell the same story; the leadership style has to change depending on the situation and different leadership behaviours will come into play. While leaders may well consider themselves to be just human beings, or another cog in the great organisational machine, this is not how their team members see them. For them, the leader is the organisation, and they are looking for answers as to what the organisation is about. The most known leadership styles are as follow autocratic, democratic and bureaucratic. In my opinion the most effective is democratic, although in some situation the best solution is autocratic. Leaders using autocratic leadership style dont give a chance for their subordinates to express their ideas or disagree with the leaders opinion and vision. As a result of fact the team become a group of people just mechanically implementing the leaders instructions what is good only for emergency situation. While emergency no time for disputes and asking for suggestion, the decision should be accepted immediately and autocratic style is a brilliant for that type of situation to lead people. Democratic style of leadership is more fruitful and promotes the sharing of responsibility. Such a techniques as consultation, effective delegation of tasks, encourage becoming a leader and being involved in leadership development determined my choice. So the main factors that influence to my choice of leadership are positive work environment where junior employees are given a possibility to challenge themselves, successful initiatives when the process of consultation and feedback naturally results in better decision making and more effective operations. The next factor is encouragement of creative thinking, because creative thinking is required to solve problems in every single organisation, whatever its nature. Reduced employee turnover is the last of the factors. When employees feel empowered through leadership development, a company will experience lower rates of employee turnover which has numerous benefits. Further I try briefly state why democratic leadership styles are likely have a positive effect of individual and group behaviour. Democratic leadership is allowing employees to give their ideas on how processes become leaner and more efficient and effective in organisations where training, professional leadership development and quality of work performed are very appreciated. Organisations are benefit from drawing upon the creative energies of all their staff to bring about cost cutting techniques or fund raising ideas, from the free flow of ideas that democratic leadership brings. ( Review of own leadership behaviour Assess your own leadership behaviours and potential by referring to a relevant leadership model, your organisations working practises, and by collecting feedback from others. Describe what actions you could take to improve as a leader Most people are naturally anxious about change and it doesnt take a lot for the pessimist in all of us to emerge. The individuals response to change is heavily influenced by the response of the people round about them, and key among those influences is the reaction of the leader. If the leader displays a negative reaction then so too do many members of the team. The leader needs to be aware of the impact that their behavior has on other people. The leaders own behavior is then a key influence on the outcome of the change process and the leader needs to behave appropriately, if the change is to be managed successfully. Ability to communicate is to be ready to answer to the questions such as Why are we doing this?, What do we do?, How do we do it? in the new world. Communication is a two way process. Instant answers are not good in new world better to discuss and to gradually understand what will be required of from the team in the future. Change leadership is enhanced when leaders communicate a little at a time, as often as possible, in as many different ways as possible, and providing as many different perspectives as possible. Once team members have built their own personal model of the future and have checked it out against the reality of what is happening on the ground, so that they can once again begin to make their own decisions, the communication process will have served its purpose. For the  second leadership behaviors is ability to support the members of the team. Support in this context is very much about the individual. Leader need to make time available for each individual, need to make himself accessible and need to be prepared to listen. Answers can come in due time, but the leader needs to provide active support to each individual. The next of the leadership behaviors is independence. Leaders need to retain a degree of independence from members of the team all of the time, but at a time of change it becomes even more crucial. Leader have to be able to make the correct decisions, and even begindisciplinary process if some team members refuse to respond appropriately to a new environment. If they dont deal with an individual who is being obstructive, they risk alienating others who respond appropriately. Independence is also important to separate the leaders behaviour towards the team from the way that the leader behaves as an individual. The next step of the leadership behaviours is the ability to develop others. At a time of change everyone has to learn to do things differently. A good leader is working with their team to help them discover first of all what they need to be able to do, and secondly to learn how to do it. Coaching will probably be a key activity at this time. By helping team members to achieve new skills the leader not only enables the team to do its work, but increases the confidence of the team member and reduces any concern about the change stemming from their ability to learn new skills. Leadership style is how you relate to subordinates. Assessing my way of leadership I came to solution that mostly I use democratic leadership style behavior to motivate employees to work harder, involve employees for more participation in the decision-making process. Opinion of personnel is much appreciated and leads them to be motivated especially when their ideas were used in the work processes. As a result work environment become healthy and employees feel good about it.   Workers feel that their opinion counts, and because of that feeling they are more committed to achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The collaborative environment created by this style often results in more thorough solutions to problems. I realize that sometime the democratic style could be no effective as take time when I ask people about their opinion, while they explaining what they think and other understand what they are saying. Efficiency is in right assessment of the knowledge and exp erience of subordinates. If they are not quite qualified this will be just waste of the time. So when is situation critic and I need to make urgent decision I switch the style. Even the most successful team will need help from its leader when faced with major change in its environment. For change leadership to be successful, certain leadership behaviors need to be used more regularly until the team has taken the impact of the change on board, and has learned how to be successful in the new environment

The Smbolisms of the Name, Blanche Dubois in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire

In the first few scenes of "A Streetcar Named Desire", Tennessee Williams shows us a complex woman, named Blanche Dubois. This paper will explore the symbolisms of her name. The name Blanche is French and means white or fair. Her last name DuBois is of French origin as well and translates as â€Å"made of wood†. The name suggests that Blanche is a very innocent and pure person. When she appears in scene one, â€Å"she is daintily dressed in a white suit with a fluffy bodice, necklace and earrings of pearl, white gloves and a hat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sc.1 p. 2073). White is also the color of light and represents perfection and virginity but throughout the play it becomes obvious that Blanche cannot call any of the traits of her name her own. She is a seductive and promiscuous woman. Only the illusory image, which she tries to create for herself, suggests these traits, but her true nature is not like that at all. She constantly tries to hide her embarrassing past from her new acquaintances, because she fears that they might not accept her anymore. In order to maintain her apparent social status among her new neighbors and friends, she builds an intertwined net of lies, which creates a false image of her. She believes in this imaginary world, and as soon as there is the slightest sign of destruction, she seems to be lost, and her nervous condition worsens. Therefore all she cares about is to keep that image alive. Her first name is therefore quite ironic since it means the exact opposite of Blanche’s true nature and character. Her last name, however, stands in contrast to her first name. Made of wood suggests something solid and hard, which is the exact opposite of her fragile nature and nervous condition. Wood can also be associated with forest or jungle, and regarding her past, the connection becomes clear. Blanche indulges in a rather excessive lifestyle. She has sex with random strangers and is known throughout her hometown of Laurel for that. Her former life is more like a jungle or a forest, because it is hard to see through all this and detect the real Blanche. As in a jungle, Blanche cannot find a way out of this on her own. The term jungle appears in the play as well. In scene ten, when Stanley is about to rape Blanche, â€Å"the inhuman jungle voices rise up† (Sc.10 p. 2130). The jungle can be associated with wildness, brutality and inhuman behavior. As mentioned about, wood represents something hard, or hard working. The Du in front of that however, suggests something

Arrowsmith Essay -- essays research papers

Arrowsmith is a classic American novel written by Sinclair Lewis. Lewis wrote this book in the early 1900’s as a current outlook on the world of science in that time. The main theme it focuses on is commercialism and its effect on science. During this time period there were many advances in the field of medicine; everyone was racing to find the cure to deadly diseases and then patent it and profit off it. Helping humanity was more of a business than a service to the human race as doctors and institutes became more and more capitalistic. Like a business trying to maximize its profit, many doctors and scientists cut corners and guessed at many things so they could get their products or methods on the market as fast as possible. However, there were a few scientists who stayed strictly devoted to their science, not letting money, glory, and success corrupt them. Scientists such as this despised commercialism and held contempt against the other doctors and scientists who fell into that system of capitalism. The book follows the life of Martin Arrowsmith, a scientist who is torn between pure science and commercialism. He wants to be a true scientist but he is pushed into commercialism by everyone he meets, except for a select few. Among the few is Max Gottlieb, who is Martin’s model for everything a true scientist should be. Gottlieb is a bacteriologist who is completely against the capitalist values of commercial doctors and scientists; he devotes himself religiously to his science, and he believes in being completely thorough and not guessing or accepting things without completely understanding them. Terry Wickett, a disciple of Gottlieb’s, holds all the same values and attitudes as Gottlieb toward capitalism and commercialism. He helps Martin break away from commercialism, and become a true scientist. Another person who greatly helps Martin in his life is his first wife, Leora Tozer, who stands by and supports Martin no matter what. She devotes herself to Martin as much as Gottlieb devotes himself to his science. She supports him in whatever decision he decides to make, she helps and comforts him in his times of need, and she remains completely loyal to him at all times, even when he is not completely loyal to her. The story starts with Martin Arrowsmith as a medical student at Winnemac University, where he was first introduced to commercial science and pure s... ...from the Plague. What is ironic about this is that this pure science tends to benefit humanity more than commercialism science in the long run. The notion that one significant improvement over a long period of time is better than a series of failures and half-successes is drowned out by the propaganda of commercialism. Pure science produces methods and medicines that are certain. They have been thoroughly tested and proved to be successful, as opposed to the medicines produced by commercial scientists. While they produce more, they are not certain as to what effect they will have. They hope that if their product works in one situation, it will work in every situation. However, commercial science does have positive points as pure science has negative points. While pure science is more certain it is also much more long term. Commercial science gives immediate care and help, despite how much it may actually help. Pure science is presented as something that looks toward and works for the future, while commercial science deals with what is happening at the moment, but commercialism hinders pure science so much that, in effect, it may be bringing about the destruction of its own future.

The Soliloquies of Shakespeares Hamlet - To be or not to be Soliloquy

The â€Å"To be or not to be† Soliloquy of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the hero in Shakespeare’s Hamlet deliver a soliloquy that does not fit the dramatic context? Does the soliloquy suggest that suicide is imminent? This essay proposes to answer these and other questions relevant to the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy.    Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the most famous of soliloquies as involving an â€Å"eternal dilemma†:      The problem of time’s discrediting effects upon human actions and intentions is what makes Hamlet’s â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy eternal dilemma rather than fulfilled dialectic. Faced with   the uncertainty of any action, an uncertainty that extends even to the afterlife, Hamlet, too, finds the â€Å"wick or snuff† of which Claudius speaks: â€Å"Thus conscience† – by which Hamlet means, I take it, not only scruples but all thoughts concerning the future –    does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment, With this regard, their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. – (III.i.83). (75)    Considering the context of this most notable soliloquy, the speech appears to be a reaction from the determination which ended the â€Å"rogue and peasant slave† soliloquy. In fact, in the Quarto of 1603 the â€Å"To be† speech comes BEFORE the players’ scene and the nunnery scene – and is thus more logically positioned to show its emotional connection to the previous soliloquy (Nevo 46). Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes just how close the hero is to suicide while reciting his famous soliloquy:      Hamlet enters, desperate enough b... ... Levin, Harry. â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Question of Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.    Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html

Long Beach City Mayor

Being a mayor of my city, Long Beach, CA, and having some money left after making planned budget expenses, I would primarily think about the opportunities to invest it into a project, which would bring some income into municipal budget in the future. Long Beach is a known tourist attraction, which every year welcomes thousands of tourists and has highly developed infrastructure for entertainment and leisure. That is why my idea can be the following. I would find a strong financial partner or partners (not more than 2-3) and offer them to build something like a recreation center. We would find some territory, preferably close to the seashore, construct a small 1-2 stored building and open a spa for offering such services as massage, various cosmetic procedures, fitness services, including facilities for physical training, like gym and swimming pool, and so on. It would be a cozy fitness center, which will definitely find its market in Long Beach due to such competitive powers as affordable prices, advantageous location, various high-quality services and stable reputation. There are several important reasons why I would choose such way of investing 1 million dollars from municipal budget. First of all, such a center would be a new place for our citizens and, especially, for numerous guests of our city to recreate, become fit and beautiful. Besides, it would have a great social significance for our community, because a lot of new workplaces would be opened for people of Long Beach. Also, as it was mentioned before, certain part of income from this enterprise will constantly flow into municipal budget, giving me (as a mayor) opportunity to spend more money for urgent needs of the city. Finally, it is also important that recreation center is a very prospective project, which can be transformed in the future into a large community center. Certainly, in that situation, as a potential investor, I will not be concentrated only on this very idea. I will remain absolutely opened for other interesting investment projects, and if someone offers me another profitable and secure business proposal, I would gladly support it and give the money for its implementation. The main criteria are to receive permanent income into city’s budget and to initiate a project with high social significance, which would contribute into positive reaction of local community on this idea and strengthen reputation of city’s authorities.

Marketing Kraft Food Group, Inc.

KRAFT FOODS GROUP, INC. JASMINE de GENESTE Kraft Foods Group, Inc. Kraft Foods Group, Inc. is a compilation of C. W. Post, Oscar Meyer and James Lewis Kraft. Each of these men started a business that would grow significantly because of the innovative thinking and vision they had to produce a product that gained customer loyalty and profits. The way they conducted business in the late19th Century, early 20th Century showed vision for a future that would be able to distribute products effectively and efficiently through advertising the brand name. â€Å"Mr.Post used marketing techniques that are now considered industry standards, but which were innovative for their time. These included extensive advertising, coupons, free samples, product demonstrations, plant tours and recipe booklets† (Mit. edu, 2013). Many organizations today offers, free samples, coupons and product demonstrations and the amount of money that are used for marketing is astronomical. Each of these men went aro und the communities to advertise and sell the products to customers, by using horse and cart. This gained the trust of customers and the appreciation that they delivered allowed them to gain even more business.Throughout the years as each of the companies grew and the â€Å"brand name† became popular and trusted by consumers, allowed for mergers and acquisitions to expand the businesses to make higher profits. In the early 1980’s General Foods acquired all three companies and formed Kraft Foods Inc. in 1989. â€Å"Kraft is a beloved-billion-dollar brand that spans the continent with many different products from peanut butter to cheese and â€Å"anything† dressings† (Kraft. com, 2013). A fact believed by millions across the world. Many household in North America and Canada believe the â€Å"brand name Kraft† to be a name to be trusted.Kraft was a subsidiary of Mondelez International until 2012, a spun off was done to allow Kraft to focus on the Nort h American and Canadian grocery business leaving Mondelez to focus on the snack business globally. It was a move that was made to allow Kraft to take advantage of its’ â€Å"brand name† with consumers that trust and rely on the products. The mission is â€Å" to be North America’s best food and beverage company. Our company has a great heritage that we’re building into an even greater future† (Kraft. com, 2013). The mission statement is short and sweet, and the company stands behind being the best food and beverage company.This is proven in the annual report that states â€Å"Wal-Mart was responsible for 25% of sales alone† (Kraft. com, 2013). Kraft $18 billion dollar company with sales in food and beverages and the impact that it has had on 98% of households in the United States along with 99% in Canada. Kraft’s customers are wholesalers, supermarket chains, distributors value stores to name a few. The name in itself is worth billion s and Kraft is using it along with the history from the beginning of the 19th Century to show, how it will impact consumers future. Kraft is a beloved-billion-dollar brand that spans the continent with many different products from peanut butter to cheese and â€Å"anything† dressings† (Kraft. com, 2013). All part of the positioning of the products that has the Kraft name that consumers trust and depend on. Kraft realized that it needed to separate itself from Mondelez International in order to increase profits, customer loyalty and shareholders support. The strategic move will help Kraft once again become America’s number one family name. The customer teams interact with operations to effectively manage customer relations.This is achieved by collaborating with customers to develop strategies to introduce new products, define categories, consumer insights, consumer markets, promote products, and price setting. Kraft resources are combined across product lines to e ffectively support retailers, and advice retailers on the strategies to use for products to obtain the highest profit. Acosta and Crossmark are the sales and marketing agencies used by Kraft as extensions to the customer team to provide in-store product placement support, distribution and execution of promotions for products.Innovative thinking and technology has enabled Kraft to reach many of its customers by nature of the Internet. â€Å"It can work for your product or service if you plan and execute an integrated communications plan designed to strengthen and maintain your relationship with the customer† (Muse, 2013). Kraft website is very informative and it has all the information that customers and retailers find informative. It gives insight to the mission, vision, environment, sustainability and history of Kraft.This is all part of marketing as stated by Professor Brauer â€Å"the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution o f goods and services to facilitate exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives†. The product positioning used by Kraft Foods Group, Inc are a combination of competitor positioning, price positioning, quality level positioning and product attributes. Kraft face competition with large national and international companies, and have to differentiate its product from competitors to maintain competitive advantage.The quality of products and innovative growth, brand name, and the loyalty of our consumers for the excellent service we provide help position Kraft products. Our consumers and customers are satisfied with their product preference because they are given the ability to identify the product. â€Å"Product placement is the insertion of commercial products in entertainment products† (Miclot, & Segal, 2012, p. 20). The use of advertising campaigns to market brand names along with promotions for consumers are accomplished by third-party vendors by analy zing buying patterns, trends and the knowledge that we have on consumers to create marketing programs.The goals and objectives for Kraft Food Groups, Inc. are to be able â€Å"to predict, identify and interpret the taste and dietary habits of consumers and to offer products that appeal to consumer preferences† (Kraft. com, 2013). Being able to predict the shifts in consumer taste for short-term, or long-term trends is imperative for Kraft revenue. The different products offered to consumers are also important and Kraft innovative team will ensure the development, introduction, and rapid growth for products.Intellectual property protection for Kraft product and ensuring that the rights of others intellectual property is not being infringed. The perception of Kraft Foods Group, Inc. must be positive by ensuring health implications of products has the highest quality to be accepted by consumers. The sales and market share are affected if consumers are not satisfied and if produc ts are not developed quickly. Ensuring that divestures are paying of our debt and we maintain a great place in the Standard and Poors ratings. Being prepared to keep the comparative advantage if Mondelez should become one of our competitors in the future.Kraft Foods Group, Inc. will ensure that consumer satisfaction are met by offering a diverse set of products with the highest quality to ensure increase revenue for shareholders. Reference Brauer, T. (2013). Marketing. Retrieved April 12th, 2013 from the Colorado Technical University Web site: https://campus. ctuonline. edu/pages/MainFrame. aspx? ContentFrame=/Home/Pages/Default. aspx Kraft Foods Group. (2013). Mission Statement. Retrieved April 12th, 2013, from the World Wide Web: http://www. kraftfoodsgroup. com/About/index. aspx Kraft. com. (2013).Annual Report on Form 10K. Retrieved April 12th, 2013, from the World Wide Web: http://www. kraftfoodsgroup. com/Investor/annual_shareholders_meeting. aspx Miclot, S. & Segal, S. (2012) . Introduction to Marketing. Words of Wisdom LLC. Schaumberg, IL. 1st Ed. Mit. edu. (2013). The History of Kraft Foods, Inc. Retrieved April 12th, 2013 from the World Wide Web: http://web. mit. edu/allanmc/www/kraftfoods. pdf Muse. (2013). Developing Marketing Strategy and Mix. Retrieved April 8th, 2013 from the World Wide Web: https://campus. ctuonline. edu/courses/MKT210/p1/hub1/25351. pdf

Ode on Melancholy †Commentary Essay

Everyone everywhere feels sadness. Whether it is everyday, or every once in a while, it is a feeling shared by all. In John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy†, the poet expresses his views on the emotion and a mood of balance is conveyed with the help of the philosophy of the speaker, the language used and the overall message conveyed. First of all, the perspective that the poet takes when viewing the subject of melancholy creates and supports the balanced atmosphere. The poet is the speaker and he is speaking to someone, everyone, suffering from melancholy. He is informing them about how to deal with their natural feeling. In the first stanza of the poem the poet dissuades the victim of melancholy from ignoring their sadness: do not commit suicide. He is telling the melancholy people how not to treat their melancholy. He mentions that melancholy is so heavy and poisonous that ignoring it will only make it worse; victims have to abandon their negative-ness toward melancholy. In the second stanza, he says that when melancholy strikes, one must embrace it – allow himself to feel it; this is the only way to deal with it. He is presenting possible ways to deal with the melancholy. The third stanza says that melancholy, beauty, pleasure and joy are linked. Only by feeling melancholy, can one feel joy, and vice versa. The poet’s philosophy on melancholy is that only by experiencing it and accepting it can one truly appreciate and recognize joy. This is the solution to the problem of melancholy – this is how one should treat their melancholy. Thus, the poet’s point of view on the issue of melancholies, based on a balance of emotions, helps evoke a mood of equilibrium. Secondly, the language used in the poem also helps bring about a balanced atmosphere. The first stanza begins with â€Å"No, no, go,† low frequency, negative, gloomy sounds that evoke the feeling of melancholy. There are several negative images that follow. There is an allusion to Lethe, the River of Forgetfulness in Greek mythology. Other allusions to Greek mythology are Proserpine or Persephone, goddess of the underworld and Psyche who is commonly associated with the soul. The reference to Persephone reflects how Keats feels about melancholy. Like Persephone’s obligation to spend half the year in the underworld and the other on the face of the earth, melancholy can be seen as partly bad but partly good as well, since without knowing how melancholy feels, one would not know how joy feels. Poisonous plants like wolf’s-bane, nightshade and yew-berries are mentioned – likened to melancholy. At the end of the first stanza, there are low frequency sounds on the words â€Å"anguish of the soul†. This draws out the line and puts emphasis on its meaning. In the second stanza there is a simile, likening melancholy to a cloud that has fallen from the sky – heaven to be precise. Heaven is a positive word, associated with where melancholy comes from in the poem. This juxtaposition of positive and negative images also helps to enforce the point that melancholy and joy are connected. Further evidence of this is the term â€Å"weeping cloud† that implies rain, which is usually associated with dreariness, but in truth it also nourishes – it â€Å"fosters the droop-headed flowers†. The mention of the â€Å"droop-headed† flowers is sad, but the nurturing of them is happy. The mention of the word â€Å"rainbow† in line six of the second stanza adds even more reinforcement to this idea. The word â€Å"rain† has a high frequency sound – a happier sound, whereas the word â€Å"bow† has a lower frequency sound – a gloomier sound. On top of this, a rainbow requires both sun and rain to occur. The phrase â€Å"April shroud† also contains contrasts. â€Å"April† implies spring, life and happiness, whereas â€Å"shroud† implies death. Positive images that flood the senses are featured on lines five to seven. These counterbalance the negative images featured in the first stanza. There is a pun on the word â€Å"morning† in the seventh line – it could also be taken as â€Å"mourning† which is a contrasting word to â€Å"morning†. In the eighth line of the second stanza melancholy is personified. The poet refers to it as â€Å"mistress† and â€Å"her†. The term â€Å"rich anger† is used. It is a paradox, and it enforces the idea of balance. In the last line of the second stanza, the words â€Å"feed deep, deep† are employed. They all contain high frequency sounds, which give off the feeling of energy, which contrasts the melancholy. The term â€Å"peerless eyes† in the last line is a pun since it could mean that no one can match those eyes, or it could also mean that the eyes are unable to perceive. The third stanza continues the personification of melancholy. However, Beauty, Joy, Pleasure and Poison are personified as well. The poet says that Beauty, Melancholy and Joy go hand in hand in hand. The mention of the word â€Å"die† in line one of the third stanza is a negative image. There is an enjambment from line two to line three. The word â€Å"adieu† in line three of the third stanza also proposes a negative image. In line four of the second stanza, the word â€Å"poison† is used in conjunction with the term â€Å"bee-mouth†. The â€Å"bee-mouth† is a delicate image, whereas poison is a cruder one. On the last line of the poem the contrasting term â€Å"cloudy trophies† is used. Hence, the language employed in the poem, the balance of happy and sad, positive and negative helps create and maintain the mood of equality of the poem. Finally the overall message that is conveyed aids with achieving the sense of balance present in the poem. The theme of the poem is that in life everything is balanced, to value joy, one must have encountered sorrow. In order to identify beauty, one must have seen ugliness. This is achieved through the paradox – Keats’ main figure of speech. This idea is reflected in the philosophy of melancholy presented by the poet. Everyone can relate to this since there are a lot of things in everyday life that people take for granted. The idea of karma is based on this. Therefore, the universal message conveyed by the poem revolves around balance, which helps enforce the mood of balance present in the poem. In life it is important to have equal amounts of everything – good and bad. In John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy†, an atmosphere of equilibrium is created with the help of the mantra on sorrow of the poet, the language used and the overall message conveyed.

How Has The Automobile Shaped American Culture Essay

Vehicles of all sorts have dominated the roads of America in all phases of history. From its early invention till further sophistication, it has been the most convenient means of transport for the common man. With the passage of time this invention made life easier and augmented to bring freedom to all Americans making it a liberal country. The objective of writing this paper is to provide a comprehensive sketch of the automotive history in America. What advancements and upheavals were faced by the American automotive industry and how with deep thought, deliberation and insight, all the problems were resolved. The paper discusses how in different phases of various social and economic ups and downs influenced automotive history the luxury and prestige turned to be a necessity for ordinary Americans. History of American automobile: The first car: The foremost car on American boulevards was a horse buggy with a lone cylinder engine manufactured by Charles and Frank Duryea in 1923. Within few years autos came out of the typical vehicular animal autos and gradually took the form of modern vehicles we see today. o be exact, with a multi cylinder engine in obverse, clutch and transmission on the bottom floor, shaft drive, leaf springs, brakes, wheel & gear connections, tires etc. (Michael, 146). Despite these advancements there were some unsettled challenges, as in tires would blow on speed every now and then. Petrol was more like kerosene oil, and lubricant akin to adhesives. Driving in cold weather was virtually impractical. Other spare parts made of steel would repeatedly break and distract journey. The electric cars which were recommended for ladies had heavy clutches making the drive very difficult. Engine protection needed constant care. A lot of parts required regular replacements making automobiles like playthings for the rich in that era, making it a luxury to the common man. Henry’s T model: In 1920s, Henry Ford’s T model revolutionalized and added a milestone in the whole automobile industry. He did not invent the motor car however, but used an assembly line technique which was affordable to all. During mid 1990s his Ford Company manufactured more than fifteen million model T cars. Thus, Henry altered the social and economic outlook of not only US but of the whole world. Here was a car that merged the pits motorized blunders of its manufacturers and yet it was a breakthrough in the history of automobiles. It was amazing to see garbage piles filled with endless filthy lot of interchangeable pieces which anyone could bolt together to upkeep his T model onto the streets indefinitely. Literally, Ford brought America on its steering helm (Brown, 55). Engineers can’t forget 1930s when two major improvements were brought in the ride quality of American cars. Engines were brought between the front two wheels. This helped the car to be spacious for more passengers and engine weight was put forward making the drive easier. As a result the car could bounce less and kept floating instead. Thus, it turned out to act like an American family car also as a result of changes in structure and style. Another boost came in automobile industry in the form of first fully automatic transmission in 1939. All that the driver had to do was leave the shift lever in drive and keep going. After world war two such automatic cars burgeoned everywhere on streets. Gradually these cars were ordered by majority of families since it became much easier to drive for every member of the family. Consequently, people of all ages were seen driving due to the automatic system in cars. People turned more independent and entertainment seeking since they started owning personal cars which became symbols of prestige during those days. As they say that nothing is constant except change, things keep evolving and advancements pave their way with some wild developments. Family automobiles kept evolving with additional amenities such as air-conditioning, power windows, and power seats, automatic headlight dimmers etc. Ride turned to be smoother and silence thus bringing more convenience for those availing the facility. All of a sudden, the federal government intervened in car manufacturing and the circumstances changed from 1970s. they ordered companies how to make cars in order to curb exhaust emissions affecting the environment causing pollution, and new safety measures were introduced to contain highway crashes which were occurring as a result of new cars on streets etc. these regulations came so fast that engineers hadn’t yet kept a track of them and new issues started popping up (Michael, 123). Effects of Arab Oil Embargo in 1973: With this trend came other unforeseen concerns like Arab Oil Embargo in 1973. The entire structure of auto fabric changed overnight. Long run planning was not viable. Petrol prices were increasing manifolds & gripped the whole nation in a mode of inflation worst after the great depression of 1930. This embargo was declared by Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries or the OAPEC (comprising the Arab members of OPEC, including Egypt, Syria and Tunisia). This was due to America’s decision to resupply forces to Israeli military during Yum Kipur war. The stocks were crashing, people were in panic but there was no way out. Until next year in 1974 when the embargo was lifted when Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had reached a deal to withdraw Israeli forces from parts of Sinai & Golan Heights in Middle East (Richard). In addition, to meet federal standards engine modifications were taking place hurting people’s purposes like anything deteriorating the economy. In the upcoming years during 1970s American automotive designs were in total unruliness and bedlam. On the other hand, Detroit has incorporated conventional American luxury and gadgetry into undersized and lighter cars meeting governmental regulations & promotion pre-requisites. Effects of automobile on American lives: Automobiles have brought more independence and freedom to the lives of people. With further advancements cars are no more a luxury but a necessity. Almost every other household in America holds a car. People are availing less, the facility of mass transit system. Additionally, families can go on outings and stay late night outside home for recreation and entertainment. Thus, it has given reality to the concept of family vacation. Automatic cars have brought a surge in the number of drivers belonging to different age groups as a result under aged enthusiasts have come onto roads. They go with friends for fun and distances between relations have shrunk. The modern autos have brought people closer and increased personal bonds. Americans are also becoming fond of car racing and love to see speed competitions on shores which have impelled companies to invest on auto racers who are capitalizing on this profession (Brain). Apart from convenience & comfort, auto craze has led to accidents, social isolation, environmental and noise pollution. Free parking spaces are installed around d restaurant, shopping centers, commercial buildings etc, which encourages people to drive even for shorter distances. Thus, it resulted in reduction of sidewalks near crowded places endangering the common pedestrians. Moreover, estimates report that an ordinary American car emi ts approx 3. 4 grams per mile of carbon monoxide which is really dangerous for environment and its habitat. The annexure of roads has produced a cutback of forest areas disturbing ecological balance (Brain). This is augmenting to global climate change and endangering wildlife. Excessive construction of roads has resulted in surface runoff alteration, which in turn increases the risk of flooding. Social scientists say that automotives have also disconnected communities and increased individualism. Many people don’t even labor to walk or exercise up to their neighbors unless something very urgent occurs. In 1990s many songs were written with cars as their main subjects. Drive through and drive in facilities has made people fond of junk food. Eating without laboring to get out of the car helps breed laziness and obesity. Therefore obesity is increasing in American culture which may lead to diabetes, heart attack and other fatal diseases. Conclusion: Not only Americans but entire world cannot imagine a life without automobiles or vehicles. Though autos are facilitating our lives in a number of ways, nevertheless its detriments outweigh the benefits. Accidents, environmental threats, pollution, individualism and other side effects are such which cannot be overlooked. So, let’s hope for further improvements which would contain these harms and bring more benefits to American citizens without restraining their idea of freedom.

How can an eco-house change people behaviour in the culture of Saudi Research Proposal

How can an eco-house change people behaviour in the culture of Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example This policy has been intended towards securing ample housing for various segments of the citizens within the country. However, the issues of global warming, renewable energy utilisation and efficient use of the natural resources for building houses are also required to be considered for efficient â€Å"sustainable housing implementation† within Saudi Arabia. There has to be initiative from the government for formulation of policy towards provision of sustainable housing at affordable prices. Any policy in this direction should have to be inclined towards fulfilment of mainly three objectives. Firstly, the policies should generate housing enhancement; secondly, they should empower the poor and finally the policies should be able to provide a feeling of self-privilege to the weaker sections of the people. Provision of sustainable housing has to be therefore concerned with the formation of ecosystem of houses (Choguill, 2007). An appropriate solution to the present problem in the country with respect to economic as well as environmental perspective is the foundation of an architecture model of eco house for the country. The successful implementation of sustainable housing in Saudi Arabia is essential to be supported by the government and to be backed up by the public awareness. The aim of the paper is to derive the best course of investment towards this aspect of the economy that not only finds an eco-house model but also contributes towards the economic aspect of housing policies through the royal order. The aim will be fulfilled with the help of achieving the objective of this research. The objective is to conduct research and identify every possible ways of designing an eco-friendly house that suits within the environment of Saudi Arabia. The methods of building sustainable houses are inclusive of making the best and comprehensive utilisation of the solar power, design of the site of house building, ventilation and natural light. For fulfilling the objec tive of this research, the methods will be analysed and presented for the creation of an eco-friendly house compatible with the Saudi Arabian environmental conditions such as that of availability of natural resources (Susilawati & A-Surf, 2011). The architecture model of an eco-house has been selected as the best option to the Saudi Arabian housing issue because it is an eco friendly house which provides the basis of leading a sustainable life to the people. The architecture model will be developed on the basis of availability and effectiveness of the natural resources within the country (Fields, 2011). With the designing of the most appropriate architecture model of an eco-friendly house for Saudi Arabia, the problem of both the economy as well as the environment can be encountered. The various methods of utilising the natural resources along with their effectiveness will provide the basis of architecture model of an eco-friendly house in Saudi Arabia. Architecture Model of Eco-Hou se for Saudi Arabia The following are the eco-friendly aspects to be incorporated within the houses to be build throughout the Kingdom: Water Storage facilities of rainwater, whenever it occurs should be incorporated in the sustainable houses. As there is scarcity of rain in Saudi Arabia, wells can be dig for gathering natural water from quite underground level which can be further utilised for using in laundry, cleaning and toilet. Various