Essay --

Before 2003 there were six billion people living peacefully and all of the sudden there were three million people displaced, 400,000 people dead, and unmatchable despot. This sudden change was due to the Darfur government cleansing the citizens of Darfur. It began in 2003 when two peacekeeping rebel groups challenged the Darfur government, accusing it of neglect. The government responded by killing and raping as many people they could making it a national genocide. A genocide is the action of deliberately killing a group of people, specifically one certain ethnic group or religion. Darfurs government and the Janjaweed army have been devastating lives of the Darfurian people by destroying their homes and killing many Darfurians since the beginning of 2003. The Genocide has been said to have officially started on February 26, 2003 when a rebel group called DLF publically claimed that they had attacked Golo, Western Darfur. Even before the genocide had began there were sever al attacks on the Darfur government by rebel groups. For example, on February 25, 2002 the rebels attacked an army garrison on a mountain. This all started in Sudan, which is the largest country in Africa, located south of Egypt. Darfur is one of the eighteen states in Sudan is about the size of Texas. Darfur is broken up into five smaller states, which are West Darfur, Central Darfur, East Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur. Darfur is skirt by Chad, Libya, and Central African Republic. The Darfurians have not only been troubled by the government, but also by the lack of food and water. The rough and desolate like terrain makes it hard to grow crops. The region is also very drought prone making it hard to grow crops too. The state of Darfur has about six mi... ...e in that one shooting 136 men was killed. This incident happened in Garisla, an area south of Zingei, in Wadi Saleh. Darfurs government and the Janjaweed army have been devastating lives of the Darfurian people by destroying their homes and killing many Darfurians since the beginning of 2003. Darfurs genocide has impacted the world greatly by warning people what could happen with a corrupt government. The current final payment has put fear in everyones lives by making them think about every decision that the government is making. I believe that the current website in Darfur is unfair for the people. Instead of living life, they are trying to survive. A newspaper has said that the United Nations officials have characterized the situation as the greatest humanistic catastrophe ever. Everyday the Darfurians wake up thinking will I see the sun rise tomorrow?

Landfills :: essays research papers fc

It has long been believed that the largest entity brought upon the Earth byhumankind is the Pyramid of the Sun, constructed in Mexico around the startof the Christian era. The mammoth structure commands roughly thirty millioncubic feet of space. In contrast, however, is the Durham Road Landfill,outside San Francisco, which occupies over seventy million cubic feet of thebiosphere. It is a sad monument, indeed, to the excesses of modern fellowshipGore 151. One might assume such a monstrous mound of garbage is thelargest thing ever produced by human hands. Unhappily, this is not the case.The Fresh Kills Landfill, dictated on Staten Island, is the largest landfillin the world. It sports an elevation of 155 feet, an estimated mass of 100million tons, and a volume of 2.9 billion cubic feet. In total acreage, itis equal to 16,000 baseball game diamonds Miller 526. By the year 2005, whenthe landfill is projected to close, its elevation go out reach 505 feet aboveocean level, making it the highest point along the Eastern Seaboard, Floridato Maine. At that height, the mound will constitute a hazard to air trafficat newbornark airport Rathje 3-4.Fresh Kills (Kills is from the Dutch word for creek) was originally a tidalmarsh. In 1948, New York City planner Robert Moses developed a highlypraised project to deposit municipal garbage in the swamp until the level ofthe land was above sea level. A study of the eye socket predicted the marsh wouldbe filled by the year 1968. He then planned to develop the area, buildinghouses and attracting light industry. mayor Impelliteri issued a reporttitled "The Fresh Kills Landfill Project" in 1951. The report stated, inpart, that the enterprise "cannot fail to affect constructively a wide areaaround it." The report ended by stating, "It is at once practical andidealistic" Rathje 4. One must appreciate the irony in the fact thatRobert Moses was, in his day, considered a leading conservationist. Hismajor acc omplishments include asphalt parking lots throughout the New Yorkmetro area, paved roads in and out of urban center parks, and development of JonesBeach, now the most polluted, dirty, overcrowded piece of shoreline in theNortheast. In Stewart Udalls book The Quiet Crisis, the former Secretary ofthe Interior lavishes praise on Moses. The JFK cabinet process calls JonesBeach "an imaginative solution ... (the) supreme answer to the ever-presentproblems of overcrowding" Udall 163-4. JFKs introduction to the bookprovides this foreboding passage "Each generation must deal afresh with theraiders, with the scramble to use public resources for private profit, and

Erythema Migrans Essay -- Health, Diseases, Ticks

Erythema migrans (EM) is a red, slowly expanding rash which is associated with the bite of trounces. European physicians observed EM in patients in the early twentieth century and theorized that it was caused by a tick-borne bacterium. Later the in the 1970s a physican observed a clusters of child with arthritis in and around Lyme, Conneticut. After further investigation it was discovered that the arthritis occurred subsequent to the presence of tick bites followed through with EM rash lesions. It was not until 1984 when conclusive evidence showed that the bacterium spirochete Berrelia burgdorferi caused Lyme disease. In 2002 Lyme disease caused more than than 23, 000 infections in the United States (1) . Lyme disease is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium spirochete B. burgdorferi that transmitts the bacterium to humans through the bites of western black-legged deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). This tick is much smaller than a dog or cattle tick and feed by inserting t heir mouths into the skin of a host and slowly receive their racy fluid (1). Early situate Lyme disease occurs 3-30 days after the tick bites. Symptoms include EM, mild muslce aches, fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy. Early disseminated disease occurs 1-4 months subsequent to the tick bite. Symptoms include cranial-nerve facial palsy, meningitis, radiculopathy, and heart block. In the late platform of the disease which begins 3-4 months after the tick bite. Symptoms include arthirits in big joints, rigid headache, encephalitis and cognitive disorders. Early localized Lyme disease is treated with doxycycline or amoxicillin for 14-21 days. Early disseminated and late Lyme disorder are treated for 14-28 days with either oral or parental therapy (ceft... ...ible through seasonal feeding activity of nymphal I. scapularis and the increase of outdoor activities tribe engage in during these months (4). In 2002 there were a total of 23,763 reported cases of Lyme disease, mo re than any previous year (2). Similar to previous years, the highest incidence rates occurred in northeastern, mid-Atlanatic and north central states. The largest proportion of cases were reported among ages 5-14 years and 50-59 years. Factors influences this grow in reported cases include a growing deer population, increased residential development of wodded areas, tick dispersal to new areas, improved disorder remembrance in areas where Lyme disease is endemic, and enhanced reporting (2). The NETSS system is weighty because it helps determinine who is at risk and where the highest incidence rates are that need targeted preventative measures.

Scholarly Discourse Paper -- Sociology

In the views of society today children ar taught by example. Monkey see, monkey do. The Saturday morn cartoons, parents, the latest video games, teachers, and the media all showed kids that you can be anything you want to be, as long as you set your mind to it. The majority of little girls wanted to be a princess and little boys wanted to be a super hero when they grow up. In reality, the princesses didnt grow up to be aristocrats and the super heroes are not fighting the cities latest crimes. Children are told to use their imagination and creativity, but in todays society their imaginations and life aspirations are refocused by their social class. . Considering the research through with(p) by C.H Knoblauch, Johnathan Kozol, and Jean Anyon, the education system specifically prepares each student for his or her future based on their parents income level, social class, and zip code.Parents income level and where they embody directly correlates with what type of education their chi ldren will receive. Anyon argues that the students curriculum is either modified or enhanced based on the different areas of social class, and parental salary. unitarys social class, then, is a result of the relationships one has, largely work, capital and power, and activity (Anyon 398). By living in a wealthier neighborhood, the property funds and taxes the residents salary are able to provide more funding to the surrounding schoolhouses. When living in a poor and underprivileged neighborhood, the taxes are significantly lower therefore, the school system is left with a small amount of funding available to them.. The working class students live in the underprivileged neighborhoods. They read textbooks when it rains water leaks from the cap into the ha... ...s. All of those toddlers in tiaras are going to be heartbroken when they are pushed off the throne and onto their hands and knees just like Cinderella. For some reason the pumpkins preventive pumpkins even after midnight. As for the cape and tights, the boys would not last more than a minute in a high school without someone concern them a derogatory name. Whatever happened to the cliche saying, dreams really do come true? They should probably put a disclaimer on it next time. run Cited PageAnyon, Jean. Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. Journal of Education, Vol. 162, no. 1. Fall 1980.Kozol, Jonathan. Still Separate, Still Unequal. Journal of Education, Vol. 162, no. 1. 2005.Knoblauch, C. H. Literacy and the Politics of Education. The Right to Literacy. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford, Helene Mglen, and James Slevin. New York MLA, 1990.

Formal lab gravitaional acceleration :: essays research papers

Lab 5 Gravitational AccelerationPreparation In preparation for the first part of this lab involving the Atwoods machine our team started by discussing the effects of the masses on the results of the machine as requested in interrogative 1 of the lab manual. We believe that if the two masses were equal there would be no motion of either of them when released. However we believed that if the two masses were not equal, the heavier mass would fall downward pulling the lighter mass upwards. Below as requested by question 2 is a free clay diagram of both situationsMasses EqualMasses UnequalThe tension on mass 1 is equal to the tension in mass 2 due to the same string attaching both masses and is shown mathematically above in the section where the masses are equal. In the second part gravity is solved for.We also believe that the difference between the two masses provide affect the acceleration in a linear matter as requested in question 3. In preparation for part 2 we started by answe ring question 4 on which graph best describes freefall found for distance vs. time. We believed graph (b) showed this and is shown below.Our rational for this was that the object in free fall is undergoing a constant acceleration meaning its velocity will increase with time. This is shown on graph (b) by the increasing slope with time, and is the only graph to have its slope increase with time. Graph (a) has constant slope and graph (c) has its slope return with time. For question 5 which asked for the best velocity vs. time graph we believed that graph (a) is the best graph.Our rational for this was that because the object is under constant acceleration the velocity will increase at a constant rate. Graph (a) shows this musical composition graph (b) shows constant velocity and graph (c) shows decreasing velocity. For question 6 which asked for the best acceleration vs. time graph we believed that graph (b) shows this the best. Our rational for this was that the object is under c onstant acceleration. Only graph (b) shows a constant acceleration. Graph (a) shows decreasing acceleration while graph (c) shows increasing acceleration. Procedure Our procedure for part 1 is the following First we measured the masses of both sides of the Atwoods machine and record these values. Next we held the smaller mass on the ground and measured the distance from the ground to the bottom of the larger mass, calling this value "s".

Formal lab gravitaional acceleration :: essays research papers

Lab 5 Gravitational AccelerationPreparation In preparation for the first part of this lab involving the Atwoods machine our team started by discussing the effects of the stack on the results of the machine as requested in question 1 of the lab manual. We believe that if the two masses were equal in that respect would be no motion of either of them when released. However we believed that if the two masses were not equal, the heavier mass would impinge on downward pulling the lighter mass upwards. infra as requested by question 2 is a free body diagram of both situationsMasses EqualMasses UnequalThe focus on mass 1 is equal to the tension in mass 2 due to the same string attaching both masses and is shown mathematically higher up in the section where the masses are equal. In the second part gravity is solved for.We also believe that the difference between the two masses will affect the acceleration in a linear matter as requested in question 3. In preparation for part 2 we start ed by answering question 4 on which graph best describes freefall based for distance vs. time. We believed graph (b) showed this and is shown below.Our rational for this was that the object in free fall is undergoing a continual acceleration meaning its velocity will increase with time. This is shown on graph (b) by the increasing slope with time, and is the only graph to break its slope increase with time. Graph (a) has constant slope and graph (c) has its slope decrease with time. For question 5 which asked for the best velocity vs. time graph we believed that graph (a) is the best graph.Our rational for this was that because the object is under constant acceleration the velocity will increase at a constant rate. Graph (a) shows this while graph (b) shows constant velocity and graph (c) shows decreasing velocity. For question 6 which asked for the best acceleration vs. time graph we believed that graph (b) shows this the best. Our rational for this was that the object is under constant acceleration. Only graph (b) shows a constant acceleration. Graph (a) shows decreasing acceleration while graph (c) shows increasing acceleration. Procedure Our procedure for part 1 is the future(a) First we measured the masses of both sides of the Atwoods machine and record these values. Next we held the smaller mass on the ground and measured the distance from the ground to the understructure of the larger mass, calling this value "s".

Prospero

Prospero (the rightful Duke of Milan) is the protagonist of The Tempest, William Shakespeares final written play. Finding himself deserted on an island with his daughter Miranda after being betrayed by his own brother for power, Prospero ends up having twelve years of built up anger and revenge to dish come forth on those who have wronged him.From early on the readers see how Prosperos use of magical powers from his spell books almost guarantee his authority on the island. In The Tempest, Shakespeare depicts Prospero as identical a haughty puppet master whose desire to manipulate everyone and everything around him is guiden consistently, with the use of magic.Prosperos motivation is fueled by two main things. According to R.D Gooder, The low is Prospero s ambition to marry his daughter to the right sort of person the second is his desire to be revenged upon his enemies (4). From early on readers can see the defensive spirit that Prospero has for Miranda. He shelters her from k nowledge ab place their olden until the boat carrying his betrayers arrive. Prospero says to Miranda, The hours now come.Obey and be attentive, the very minute bids thee ope thine ear (Shakespeare 1.2.46-48). Prospero is fin on the undividedy about to evidence Miranda how and why they ended up on the island. This scene lets the readers sympathize with his selfishness, shows the justification of his reasonings for using his spirit Ariel to stir up The Tempest (storm), and why he brings his betrayers on land. Prosperos love for his daughter motivates him to make sure that she ends up with the right type of person.This should portray him as being a caring father at this chief but his motivation for revenge shows the audience his bluff. The play slowly reveals that the true internal necessity for his opposition being feigned lies in his double nature (Snider 197). Miranda meeting and eventually marring Ferdinand, who is the prince of Naples, isnt by chance. Prospero uses his magic a nd hold over Ariel to help them meet. This is just another little piece in Prosperos real agenda to piddle revenge and his eventually dukedom back.Prospero is like a two-faced person on the outside he seems like a dad wanting what is trounce for his daughter, but his real motives are what helps benefit him in the end. The relationships between Prospero and the people on the island seem different but he uses magic to manipulate every single person in some way shape or form. At first the readers catch a glimpse of the relationship between him and his brother.Antonio takes improvement of Prospero being so into the studying of his magic and books, While Prosperos nose was buried in his extensive library, his snaky brother manages to steal his title and gets him thrown out of Italy (Shmoop chromatography column Team). So, going forward from this, the audience can somewhat relate to why he acts the way he does. He uses Ariel as he pleases it is perpetually either him or Prospero mani pulating every moment of everyone on the island.No one on this island is truly free Prospero uses his magic to ensure that. Prospero also uses Ariel to spy on Caliban, who is described as a fish like man and a servant to Prospero. Caliban encounters Trinculo and Stephano, who are a Lester and a drunken butler. Caliban begs them to let him be their servant, state Ill show thee every fertile inch o th island, and I will kiss thy foot. I prithee, be my god (Shakespeare 2.2.154-155).Caliban eventually talks them into killing Prospero, all while Ariel is listening. Betrayal for power is a big theme in Shakespeares The Tempest. First with Alonso and his pupils and now his servant Caliban. The way he puts them all by means of pitfall associates with the justice and revenge themes also plotted end-to-end the play. Illusion vs reality is also a big theme carried out by Prospero throughout this play. The whole time everyone is on the island, they are in an altered state of reality, tailor ed specifically to how he sees fit.The way this is used throughout the play forces both the characters and readers to rarity if something is real or the result of Prospero or Ariels doing. The audience can see it being used on his daughter Miranda, when he asks her to remember about her past and she says tis far off, and rather like a dream than an assurance that my remembrance warrants (Shakespeare 1.2.56-58).She is telling the audience that her memory of her life up to this point seems like a dream, with only Prosperos illusions using magic to blame. Prospero stands for Prospero is portrayed to be a certain stereotypical character, the forceful, controlling, protective one. This is seen time and time again in the play. On the island Prospero and Miranda subsist among of his now servant Caliban, the son of a witch that was on the island before they arrive.Prospero takes the island from him, which is another way he shows the audience how controlling he is. At first, they pass awa y together nicely, and Miranda and Prospero even teach Caliban how to speak their language. They way they treat Caliban abruptly stops when Prospero catches Caliban trying to rape his daughter. Prospero says Filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honor of my child (Shakespeare 1.2.415-418).Caliban becomes Prosperos servant from this point on. Prosperos stereotype is however, crafted to be broken. The way he changes throughout the play from how he is and becomes this forgiving, almost new person, makes for a very intriguing character. This also puts Prospero into the Round character category. Round characters are complex and develop through their stories, sometimes adequately to shock the readers.Prospero does end up surprising the audience in The Tempest in the last act of the play. Although Prospero remains the same self-centered, controlling man throughout the entire play, he changes from an unsympathetic character into a sympathetic one. He makes his servant Ariel to do much of the dirty work for him. He doesnt care about his enemies and puts them through a lot while he sits back and watches. This is seen almost immediately in the beginning of the play as Prospero has Ariel transmit his brother Antonio, the king of Naples Alonso and his son Ferdinand, and everyone else that is on the boat onto different places on the island.Watching them scramble around, he is getting pleasure out of their disarray. All these things show Prosperos superiority complex for control. According to the Shmoop webpage, in Prospero, Shakespeare creates a figure who decides to forgive his enemies even though they betray him in the worst possible ways (Shmoop Editorial Team). This is where he changes into a sympathetic character, surprising the audience by forgiving all his betrayers.

Customer Value- Apple Inc.

How orchard apple tree Can Keep Its Value By Saul Hansell Its official. Apple is the most valuable computer nobleman in the world. In the wake of the companys better than expected earnings in the quarter ended Sept. 30, Apples shares rose by nearly 7 percent, making the companys total market value $162 billion. That edges pop out I. B. M. , which is cost $155 billion. Apple also surged past Intel, worth $156 billion, and no(prenominal)ia, the most valuable cellphone maker, which is worth $150 billion.Indeed, Apple is now the fourth most valuable technology company, after Cisco ($189 billion), Google ($208 billion), and Microsoft ($290 billion). picApples bear Apple, interestingly, has something in common with these other companies. They all draw their power from software. Microsoft sells software in a box. Google delivers software online. Cisco, like Apple, delivers software embedded in devices, which it generally contracts to others to make. But there is a pick up difference, too. The other three have established sovereign positions in their markets, which fends off rivals and keeps margins high.Apple is a distant No. 3 in PCs. It dominates personal music players, but it has a much more modest share if you define the consumer electronics market more broadly. Still, Apple maintains margins finished a combination of innovation and marketing that leads consumers to prefer its brand. Thats a great achievement, but it is harder to maintain that edge than an operating- system of rules monopoly. For an investor, one question is whether Apple batch capitalize on its momentum to catapult itself to a business that doesnt depend so much on each successive product introduction.To do so, Apple go forth increasingly find itself battling with the three other companies at the top of the tech totem pole. Microsoft, of course, thought that it had defeated Apple in the operating system a decade ago, only to find its rival has revived, stronger than ever. If the battle of the future is server-based applications delivered on browsers, the battle pits Microsoft, Apple, Google and the collective forces of open-source software against one another. In that world, Apple has some choices to make Will its iLife and iWork applications move onto the Web?More importantly, will it compete in the mass business PC market, where the C. I. O. of an insurance company buys desktops by the truckload? Price is more important than styling there. Steve Jobs hasnt liked commodity businesses. He said he didnt want to do a deal with a cellphone carrier either, but he found a way to hold his nose and cut a rather advantageous deal with AT&T. So who knows if he will go after Microsofts corporate market? A safer bet is that the real rivalry will be mingled with Windows and some form of Linux, with Hewlett-Packard and Dell, the No. and No. 2 PC makers, building machines of both flavors and Cisco making the routers. The other, perhaps bigger, battle is over who will break th e world of connected entertainment and communications. The iPod begat the iPhone and Apple TV, of course. But Microsoft has been working on media and cellphone software for a decade. And Google is shaping up to be a key player in cellphone software, video distribution, and any other service or device on which it can display advertising.That brings us to Cisco, which wants to get out more and have some fun. It bought several social networks, as well as Linksys, the home network company, and Scientific Atlanta, the cable set-top-box company. Now it has declared that it will develop an entertainment operating system. No one knows what an entertainment operating system is. But I suspect that if Apple can become the dominant player in that market, it has the best chance to keep its position as one of the most valuable technology companies in the world.

Managing human capital

IntroductionIn the bulk of administrations bulk be now the premier plus. The cognition, abilities and accomplishments engender to be set up and utilize to the maximal consequence if the administration is to make value. Nowadays, organisations argon invariably altering as a response to the wee-wee-to doe with environment with each clip being more soliciting and competitory. Primary purpose for companies is to go more flexible by following a successful scheme.How the caller-out adapts to the alteration and how prompt it happens can guarantee its topographic point within the game. Responsiveness, adaptability and flexibleness ar the key.Harmonizing to, Turner, Keegan & A Hueman ( 2006317 ) , for an administration to be effectual and successful, the gentlemans gentleman mental imagery fashion maps must be integrated into the assorted organizational schemeHuman resources are nail downd as the crime syndicate of human capital nether the endure s control in a direct engage ment relationship, and HR patterns are the organizational activities directed at pull offing the pool of human capital and guaranting that the capital is employed towards the fulfillment of organizational ends ( Wright et al. , 1994 ) .Hrm FunctionThe HRM Function plays the function of the taking attention of the human capital in the organisation. The HRM Function is liable for the procedures, which allow the organisation to remain competitory on the external market and internally efficient.By and large, the function and duties of the HRM Function are defined offend in theory, but the world can be different from the organisation to the organisation. The investings needed to maintain the current faculty and the competition on the market normally define the resort area for the HRM Function.The HRM Function is responsible for the undermenti 1d countries in the organisationRecruitmentCompensation and Benefits exploit ManagementTrainingReportingLeadership DevelopmentPersonal Administ rationLegal Compliant ProcessesIn recent old ages, HRM involvement has grown in the country employee s ability and earthly concern launching. Among academics public innovateation assessment defined as a structured system of mensumilitary rating, measuring and act uponing an employee s tune associate properties, behaviors and results to happen out what degree employee is soon executing on the occupation. ( Kramer & A macgraw & A schuler 1997 ) that is how productive the employees are and whether they can execute more efficaciously in the hereafter it is a dynamic and multidimensional procedure ( Latham & A wexley 1981, Carroll & A schneirer 1982 )Harmonizing to Dessler ( 2005 ) public presentation assessment is a of import affair in the HRM because it helps to organisations nearly the employee with feedback, development and inducements required assisting individual eliminate public presentation lacks or to go on to execute above par.In twenties century flyer of public pre sentation assessment has been extended new positions. Generally human resources directors say that mensurating public presentation helps to acquire information about employee s demand and making but since sing public presentation assessment get an of import portion of HRM.harmonizing to Heyel it is the procedure of measuring the public presentation and makings of the employees in footings of the demands of the occupation for which is employed for intents of disposal including arrangement, choice for publicities, supplying fiscal fights and other actions which require differential intervention among the members of groups as distinguished from actions impacting all members equally. ( s.Chand 2000 )From Performance Appraisal To Performance ManagementWhile the thought that assessments should burst employee public presentation is already accepted and we know that it is non new. Many directors of companies set up their procedure in tree measure. They are _ of puting ends, _ home earn e mployees, _appraising and honoring them. During the period of procedure it calls public presentation stress.By and large public presentation direction as a procedure that back uping to caller s strategic purposes. All these definitions conduct that public presentation assessment takes a function in a procedure. employee s ends and work are colligate to company s end. That is why develops the employee s capablenesss, and evaluates and wagess the persons attempt besides company s benefit in new vision of human resources direction.Performance DevelopmentPerformance direction scheme is related with employee development. Purpose of public presentation direction is developing employees who are effectual in their work besides seek to better public presentation when employees are non executing all bit good as they should ( Campbell, and Lee, 1988 Farh, et al. , 1991 ) The feedback is a chief point which given during the public presentation rating procedure identify, employees failings every bit good as chances for accomplishment development.It is clear that the intents of en effectual public presentation direction system are conjoin employee activities with administration s strategic ends, admit valid and utile information for administrative determinations about employees and give employees utile developmental feedbackSHRMstrategic human resource direction has been defined as the linking of human resources with strategic ends and aims in order to better concern public presentation and develop organisational nuance that surrogate invention and flexibleness ( Siddharth Chatuvedi )Strategic Human Resource Management ( SHRM ) is one of the most powerful and influential thoughts to give birth emerged in the field of concern and direction. It is besides applied by some policy shapers at have drawn upon the thought of SHRM to advance a gritty public presentation workplaces and human capital direction.Research workers in the field of strategic human resource direc tion have emphasized that human resource ( HR ) patterns may take to toweringer house public presentation and be beginnings of sustained competitory advantages ( Wright, Dunford, & A Snell, 2001 ) .SHRM impact how organisations are changed, and how they perform. It besides affects how employees are treated, security of employment and the nature of employment.SHRM trades with organisational public presentation and systems of patterns and HRM trades with a single employee public presentation and single HRM patterns. The function of SHRM or HRM is to set up a system of HRM patterns that transforms a house s employees from trade goods that provide negligible competitory advantage and average work public presentation to human assets and prolonging the heightened work motive, expanded occupation chances, and alone accomplishments, cognition and abilities. When a house is be aftering to modify or do a advancement of invention, the best applied scheme is the research-based-review that wil l decidedly be utile to the SHRM/HRM.Strategic HRM And Human cap ManagementA figure of authors have argued that strategic HRM and human capital direction ( HCM ) are one and the same thing, and so the construct of strategic HRM lucifers that of the broader definition of HCM rather good as the undermentioned definition of the chief characteristics of strategic HRM by Dyer and Holder 1998 shows5Organisational degree because schemes involve determinations about cardinal ends, major policies and the allotment of resources they tend to be formulated at the top.Focus schemes are business-driven and concentrate on organizational effectivity therefore in this perspective people are viewed chiefly as resources to be managed toward the accomplishment of strategic concern ends.Framework schemes by their really nature provide uniting models which are at one time wide, contingency-based and integrative. They incorporate a full moon complement of HR ends and activities visualizeed specific ally to suit extant environments and to be reciprocally reenforcing or interactive.Theory Applied To The SHRM/HRMThe human resource direction patterns fundamentally involve the procedure of enlisting and keeping. To supply the farther apprehension, the Grounded Theory will take the SHRM/HRM to make end of employee enlisting and keeping. The application of grounded theory provides the recruiters and human resource professionals to hold a better apprehension in the employment alterations.Application Of Two ModelsA. Guest Model Of HRMThis type of theoretical account that was introduced by David Guest has six dimensions of compendium for HRM. It summarizes the HRM schemes, HRM patterns, HRM outcomes, behavior results, public presentation results, and fiscal results. The thought of this theoretical account is based on the cardinal elements of the HRM attack, such as consignment that have a direct relationship with valued concern effects.B. Compensation And WagessThis method might be u sage and besides be more effectual in the employment relationships, scheme, and direction that can ensue for a better apprehension on strategic human resource direction systems. As a sort of motivational attack, employees can be more competitory hypertext lurch protocol //ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/10/shrmhrm-models-and-theories.htmlMaking A highschool Performance WorkplaceHow Can HR Help To Implement High Performance Work Practices?HR aid to implement high public presentation work patterns by making a civilization whic is livelihoodive of high public presentation, by act uponing attitudes ( HR can assist put up benchmarking visits to organisations which are accomplishing outstanding consequences through people ) , by planing and implementing HR procedures which prevail the concern scheme ( hr procedures such as wages systems need to be aligned to the new ways of working.In order to present high public presentation working there are a figure of cardinal feature s of high public presentation workplacesEmployees are extremely skilledEmployee motive and committal are strongOccupations are good somaed and functions fit together goodOpportunities are provided for people to take part in bettering how they do their workStrong cultural values be how people work together and do determinationsStructures are expeditiously organisedThe necessary tools and resources and physical environment are providedMaking this happen requires a combination of two cardinal elements on a high degreeHaving a work force of gifted and motivated peopleHaving a extremely effectual system through which work is organised and people are recruited, managed and developedCardinal Stairss To Have A High Performance In WorkplaceThere are basically two parts to presenting high public presentation working. The first portion is all about seting the basic enablers in topographic point. The 2nd is transforming how work is done to guarantee top public presentation two dozen hours i n, twenty-four hours out. First, it is of import to acquire the rudimentss in topographic point, as followsChoice enrolling the best people, utilizing techniques such as psychometric testing and competency-based interviewing to do certain campaigners are accurately screenedProsecuting new starting motors supplying utile initiation with support at manus and a clear debut to ways of working and civilizationDevelopment analysing development demands of persons and squads in footings of both proficient and soft accomplishments , and supplying relevant preparation and development to run into any spreadsPay and benefits supplying a competitory salary bundle or contract rate to procure good quality employees, with sensible warrants of employment security. Performance direction guaranting both persons and squads as whole have clear aims and are managed consequently, honoring excellence and covering with under-performanceDiverseness holding a good mix of accomplishments, backgrounds and type s of people brings a mellowness of thoughts and improved problem-solvingWork environment ensuring resources are in topographic point so that the tools, equipment and installations to back up high public presentation working are in topographic point and people have what they need to make the occupation goodAccurate information holding clear informations on the both the costs of using people, who is making what and the benefits they contribute to the programme or undertaking Transforming into a high public presentation workplace requires non further the right support systems, nevertheless, but concentrating on how people work together, in peculiarLeadership most people react best to leaders who connect with them and are nt graded in their attack. This means acquiring back to the floor and disbursement clip with people at all degrees, including frontline operators, clients, support lag and other directors. Then a clear way demands to be set and pursued smartly, presenting on promi ses and animating assurance in staffTeam-based working squads need to hold clear undertakings, be measured as a squad instead than persons and tantrum good with other squads. Functions within a squad should be complementary, clear and interdependent. Where these standards are met, squads are extremely effectual in presenting consequences with limited monitoring, far more so than persons working independently.Flexible constructions understating the figure of direction degrees and differences of position has important impact on two degrees. First, lines of communicating are quicker and more fluid between whoever is taking a programme and different people presenting cardinal undertakings. Besides, with few affectionateness directors, the undertaking direction operating expenses are kept to a lower limit.Communication seasonably, unfastened and honest communicating with all staff, avoiding a need to have a go at it civilization, is priceless in guaranting good determinations are made and errors avoided. This is besides critical for people to experience valued, as they are in the cringle and trusted.Engagement one of the biggest countries of chance loss in many undertakings is deficiency of engagement of squad members in determinations, be they big or little. Normally the people making the frontline undertakings are those who know best how things can be improved or made more efficient. Supplying regular unfastened forums and sometimes confidential channels to post issues are critical to acquire people involved in doing the whole undertaking work better. Making this takes up some clip but eer leads to break consequences and nest eggs downstream.Continuous invention high acting workplaces are continuously happening new and more effectual ways of presenting their ends. This does nt assign eternal clip wasted navel-gazing. It does intend high quality communicating and engagement being used to good consequence to do things work better and ever maintaining an ocul us unfastened for chances. The function of the leader in enabling this is important. Good inventions need to be implemented. No should be a word that is non hear oftenBy Alan Bourne, Chartered Occupational Psychologist 2007Example From CompaniesStarbuck s, Boeing, Wal-Mart, Mc Donalds, Samsung and Turkish Airlines are leaders in their industry and have been making concern successfully. During the research on their Human Resource Management ( HRM ) , I have seen their successes are steadfastly related to their effectual and efficient HRM schemes. There are many factors in viridity among these five companies HRM schemes devotedness to employees benefits, employee preparation, a diversified work environment, publicities and wagess system, friendly and healthy workplace and outsourcing chances.Starbuck s concern has been hiking twelvemonth by twelvemonth. For many people that have had Starbuck s java, they may detect that Starbuck s client service is outstanding. Every client is tre ated like a VIP and with high quality service. Starbuck s provides its direction squad and employees developing to assist them better understand its concern procedure. Besides, Starbuck s offers a broad scope of occupation chances for people to develop their potency.Boeing, world-famous carpenters plane shaper, provides the most advanced and diversified employees benefits I have of all time known. Boeing knows handling employees liberally will convey more net incomes and competitory advantage. In add-on, Boeing provides a bright and clear calling growing way for its employees, and it will decidedly add to their assurance and attempts working at Boeing.Wal-Mart is the largest private employer of African-Americans and Hispanics in the linked States. Different civilizations, backgrounds, and moralss have become Wal-Mart HRM s nucleus issues. Wal-Mart embracings diverseness at all degrees in its organisation. Wal-Mart besides has an Open Door Policy in which every associate is encoura ged to convey any suggestions to their supervisor. Wal-Mart s advanced and effectual HRM schemes make it such a successful company.McDonalds believes that training is the foundation of their success and alert for bettering the business . Hourly paid staff receive on the occupation preparation, supplemented by computing machine based and other preparation methods, Management staff receive preparation at one of the company s six British preparation Centres. McDonalds has a high turnover of staff, proposing the enlisting scheme is inefficient. wrong(p) occupation advertizement perchance leads to the entry of applications by the incorrect type of individual.Samsung s scheme can be described as an attempt to systematically run into clients demands across three critical dimensions-quality, time-to-volume, and being easy to make concern with. The company is invariably altering and reinventing itself in support of these ends by design in Samsung s HR direction systems. Recently the hou se has collected some informations about why people in high tech came to ( and stayed at ) Samsung. It was found that interesting work and the quality of the work environment were cardinal properties. Samsung develop a batch of classs for Samsung staff to larn, and give them chances to travel outside to larn. E.g. The design halfway staff can travel abroad or have opportunity to work with celebrated endowments. Samsung has identified the development and care of an Extraordinary surroundings as a cardinal driver in the execution of its competitory scheme.Turkey Airline is one of the market leaders in the flight industry.The attach to has got jobs which include hapless communicating and deficiency of information flow between the assorted sections, headhunting of cardinal staff members by rivals, weak organizational construction, weak wages scheme and organizational civilization. To work out this issue, The company has adopted a figure of human resource direction schemes of late. At Turkish air hoses direction has created a conductive environment, with more workers engagement, calling sequence planning, calling relevant preparation, public presentation wages systems, greater chances for higher functions, occupation satisfaction, trust and committedness to heighten employee committedness and satisfaction.Bacardi-Martini is a celebrated and reputable drinks maker with the strongest success rates with respect to the study conducted by The Sunday Times 100 better(p) Companies to Work For . One of the chief factors that fuels their success, and continues to drive the company are the productiveness, answerability, creativeness and teamwork.The company readily recognises that its success will merely go on if the staff are committed, loyal andhappy in their work. Therefore, Bacardi s staff development attack is taken really earnestly, and they go to guarantee that the household ambiance is used through the operations of the companyExamples of these benefits includ e free hot repasts at the eating house, private wellness attention, life insurance,athleticss installations, helplines and so on. All of these benefits are non merely offered to the employee, but besidesthe employee s household members or live-in spouses.hypertext transfer protocol //www.clms.le.ac.uk/publications/workingpapers/working_paper50.pdfDecisionHarmonizing to Gilbreath ( 2008 ) , making strong HRM policies requires making a strong psychological environment in which employees can boom. Such an environment requires carry oning stress audit, supervising the work of the environment, fiting people and work environment and utilizing squads of employees and research workers to analyze the work environment. Gilbreath, B. , ( 2008 ) .This paper has examined the propositions of the SHRM positions of HR patterns and their part to sustainable competitory advantage. The nexus between HR patterns and house public presentation has been established and from a resource-based position One o f the primary decisions from this subject fieldIt is utile for all administrations to direction their people within a planned and coherent model which reflect the concern scheme. They can guarantee that the assorted facets of people direction are reciprocally reenforcing in developing the public presentation and behaviors necessary to accomplish concern success.There is non individual HRM scheme that will present success in all state of affairss. Administrations need to specify a scheme which is alone to their ain state of affairs in footings of context, ends, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.hypertext transfer protocol //www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htm

African Society

This study seek to highlight why roughly people in the miscue study snarl that intoxi ignoret controlled sort. This case study analysis item-by-item unit ( e.g a mortal, company, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to the study. The case study is common in friendly sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is used to explore causation in order to comment underlying principles. They maybe prospective, in which criteria argon established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they conk available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historic records for including in the study.It also highlight how a whimsey in ancestors related to behavior (e.g overlooking ancestral directives, there by fussting cursed and how any(prenominal) hotshot blamed the behavior of some people on the names they were given from birth. The assertion that the somebodys behavior after which a child was named de statusined the behavior of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent possibleness of nature/reflection in the case study.Furthermore, this case study analyze the validity that behavior is a matter of tradition (e.g up bring of children by parents.DEFINATION tally to Thomas (2011) case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistic every(prenominal)y by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry allow for be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame- an object- within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicatesSilverman (2005) reveals that, earlier than using samples following a rigid protocol (strict lay verboten of rules) to examine limited number of valuables, case study methods involve an in- depth, languishitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a si ngle instance or event a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, hoard data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the investigateer may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in early search. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis.According to Lamneck (2005) another(prenominal) suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real- life context. Case study research way single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical promptings. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical role model for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This also supported and well formulated in (Lamneck, 2005) the case study is a research approach, situated between cover data taking techniques and methodological paradigms.The case study is sometimes mistaken for the case method, but the two are not the same.Generalizing From case studiesKyekye (1996) states that, a little case can be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the general problem (e.g like in Mwense district research where some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior)A critical case allows the following type of generalization, if it is valid for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases. In its negative form, the generalization would be, if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or only few) cases.( Lamnek, 2005).According to Karl popper, the case study is also effective for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which for ms part of critical reflexivity. Falsification is one of the most rigorous tests to which a scientific proposition can be subjected if just one observation does not fit with the proposition it is considered not valid generally and must therefore be either revised or rejected. Popper him self used the now famous example, All swans are white, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way work general significance and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying black swans because of its in- depth approach what appear to be white a great deal turns on closer examination to be black By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 2006, P. 225-6).Misunderstandings about case study ResearchAccording to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and rigs five prevalent misunderstanding about case study research General , theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge. One cannot generalize on the rear of an individual case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a tendency to comfirm the researchers preconceived notions. It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies.(Osei, 1971).According to a research which was conducted in Mwense district some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior and to add value to the case study In the first of all stage of drunkenness, drink was no longer social but became a means of emotional escape from problems, inhibitions, anxiety, and in many instances, from realities of life. Stated in another way, early in the disease problem drinkers starts to depend on the mood altering capabilities of alcohol consumption. Also at this stage of alcoholism, a gradual improver in tolerance develops, meaning that increasing aggregates of alcohol are needed in order for the problem drinker to feel the buzz or to get high.(Flyvbjerg, 2006).Furthermore, it is common for people with a drinking problem in the first stage of alcoholism to quickly drink a few intoxicant beverage before attending social functions and to increase social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day. Obviously, it can be determined that such behavior will eventually result in a host of drinking problems. In the second stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more intense. During this stage of the disease, the individual with the drinking problem frequently starts to drink earlier in the day.(Lamnek, 2005)As tolerance increases, moreover, the person drinks because of dependence on alcohol, rather than because of emotional and psycholog ical stress and anxiety relief. During this stage, loss of control does not yet happen on a regular basis it is however, gradually observed by others such as neighbors, co- workers, relatives, friends, and family members. In the third stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more pronounced and more problematic. This means that the problem drinker is usually unable to drink according to his or her intentions. for example, once the person takes the first drink, he or she can no longer control what will happen, even though the intention might start out been to have one or two drinks. During this stage of the disease, most problem drinkers start to experience serious alcohol- related, financial, employment, legal, and relationship problems.(Robert, 1970). The fourth and final stage of alcoholism is characterized by a chronic loss of control. In the earlier stages of the disease, the alcoholic may have been successful in maintaining a job. Now, however, drinking starts earlier in the day and usually continues throughout the day. Few, if any, full- time work positions, however, can be maintained once an individual has reached this state of affairs.(Thomas,2011).Classic Alcoholic BehaviorThe term alcoholism means the same thing as alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction, and alcohol dependence.Hence, some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior in Mwense district because of the information articulated above, it is clear that the four stages of classic alcoholic behavior do not point a comely picture of the sad realities and the drinking problems that most chronic alcoholics experience in Mwanse district. In fact, it is clear that as the disease progresses, so do the drinking problems that are experienced by the alcoholic. Perhaps the damaging and unhealthy consequences of this disease might not make much of an impact on those who are already alcohol dependant. It is hoped, however, that exposing the facts about this disease to our yout h before they start abusing alcohol will prevent many of the teens from suffering the grim fate of most alcoholics.Belief In Ancestors Relates To BehaviorA belief is a degree of certainty we have that something is true. Our core beliefs are often based on the beliefs of other people we unconsciously accepted as true when we were too young to decide if the persons belief really served us.(Osei, 1971).Hence, ancestral belief refers to a generalized belief about the amount of control people have over their own lives. Individuals who feel that they are very much in charge of their won destiny have an indispensable locus of control those who think of that events in their life are due mainly to fate/luck or powerful others have an external locus of control. Locus of control is a generalized belief, so people with an external locus can feel in control in familiar situations. (Steven L. Mcshane et al. 2005).Moreover, from the research, we have suggested that perception of people and event s is organized into categories. How this is done depends partly on sensation, partly on the principles of perception, and partly on the nature of the individual. Another fact of the individual is the set of attitudes that he/she holds.Attitudes are, essentially, feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception.However, to return to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as feelings and beliefs Fishbein (1967) put forward the following hierarchical modelBeliefsWhat we think about people, things, relationship e.t.cAttitudesAffective responses to those people, things, relationships e.t.cIntentionsCognitive statesBehavior or ActionObservable eventsThe Theory of Nature/Reflected In The Case StudyThe extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study refers to the personality. Personality defined as the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks and behaves.Fincham R. describes personality as the relatively enduring combination of traits which makes an individual unique and at the same time produces consistencies in his or her thought and behavior. A standardised definition Rollision Derk defines personality as, those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictors concerning his/her future behavior.(Rollison D., 1998). A complementary definition, Robbins Stephen defines personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and conformable internal states that explain a persons behavioral tendencies.Hence, we say that personality explains behavioral tendencies because individuals actions are not perfectly invariable with their personality profile in every situation. Personality traits are less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems and other conditions contrain behavior.Traits may be defined as individual characteristics of thought or feeling that result in tendencies to have in specific ways. Also traits may be defined as enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently important that trait is in describing an individual. Traits can additionally be sorted to form personality types. Traits may be grouped into groups namely surface traits and source traits. Surface traits for example assertiveness, can be observed in behavior while, source traits such as self- discipline can be inferred.(Rollinson, D. et ,1998).Behavior And TraditionAccording to Robert (1970) refer human behavior as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are square upd by culture, attitudes, emotions, value, ethies, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and /or genetics.Hence, the behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and olibanum is the most basic human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is the more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulated by various means of social control.In addition, the behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.Factors affecting human behavior and actionsMcshane et al (2005) states five factors as below* genetic science (see also evolutionary psychology) affects and governs the individuals tende ncies towards certain directions.* Attitude the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.* Social norms the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior.* Perceived behavioral control the individuals belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.* Core faith the persons set of beliefs, like religion, philosophy, e.t.c provided sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the indian lodge where he or she lives. Social FactorsFactors that influence behavior or personality that arise from interacting with other people early socialization, which consists in fundamental interaction with parents, siblings and peers has an effect on the way we act and think. The behaviorist school of psychology which debates all human as environmentally determined refer to personality as just hive away learn ing experiences (skinner, 1974). Much of personality comes through learning and so childhood experiences are paramount to the unfolding of personality. Cultural FactorsAccording to Kyekye (1996) a wider social beliefs, value and motives that are absorbed by an individual and guide behavior towards that which is acceptable within a particular social context when high value is set on achievement and individualism in a certain society, we will find that this may affect individual personality in instilling a trait of the need to achieve.(Shutte, 1993). Situational FactorsAccording to Osei (1971) this refers to the effect of a specific experience or situation on a persons feelings and behavior. And individuals personality, while generally stable and consistent, does turn in different situations call forth different aspects of ones personality. Situations like church, tradition, a picnic in a picnic in a park do affect behavior differently. Examples here may be trauma of losing a parent or loved one. Certain situation can bring out unrecognized aspects of personality we have never been aware of. Personality development is an ongoing process, but to some degree personalities can be deemed as stable.(Senghor, 1963).According to Gyekye (1998), regard concepts of the individual and self to be almost totally dependant on and subordinate to social entities and ethnic process. Kenya theology professor John S. Miti (1969 and 1992), for example, believes that individual has little latitude for self determination outside the context of the traditional African family and community. He writes whatever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual. The individual can only say I am, because we are and since we are, therefore I am. This is a cardinal point in the understanding of the African view of man (1969 109).Furthermore, Ghanaian philosopher Gyekye (1998), the individual, although originating from a nd inextricably bound to his family and community, nevertheless possesses a clear concept of himself as a distinct person of volition. It is from this combined sense of personhood and common membership that the family and community except individuals to take personality enhancing and socially responsible decisions. Although he accepts the dominant entity of African social order is the community, Gyekye believes it would be more correct to describe that order as amphibious, for it manifests features of both community and individuality. African social thought seeks to avoid the excesses of the two exaggerated systems, while allowing for a meaningful albeit uneasy, interaction between the individual and the society (198831-32)According to senegales philosopher Leopold senghor (1966) regards tradition African society to be based both on the community and on the person in which, because it was founded on dialogue and reciprocity, the group had priority over the individual without crushi ng him, but allowing to blossom as a person (19665).According to South African philosophy professor Shutte (1993), citing the Xhosa proverb umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through persons), writesThis (proverb) is the xhosa expression of a notion that is common all African languages and traditional cultures. It is implicated both with the peculiar interdependence of persons on others for the exercise, development and fulfillment of their powers that is recognized in African traditional thought, and also with the understanding of what it is to be a person that underlies this. In European philosophy of whatever phase, the self is always envisaged as something inside a person, or at least as a kind of container of mental properties and powers. In African thought it is seen as outside subsisting in relationship to what is other, the natural and social environment.According to Ghananian historian Osei (1971) believes that Africa should chart its future from its endemical cultural traditions and adopt only those aspects of no- Africa cultures that are compatible with Africas needs, goals and circumstances namely, a scientific perspective and western educational practices.Taking a broader perspective, Thairu (1975) argues for a future of greater regional integration through educational and cultural exchanges within and between African nations. This, he says, will bring into the open pan- Africa cultural similarities, shape up more widespread understanding and tolerance on the continent, and contribute to greater overall African unit philosopher Gyekye (1998) shares much of Nyasani, Makgoba and Thairu concern over Africans too often for saking Indigenous African values and their wholesale and uncritical adoption.According to Gyekye (1996) abhors the fact that ancestors continue to be of paramount importance in modern and traditional African life. He also recommends that for Africa to progress scientifically and technologically, science should be resc ued from the morass of (traditional) African religious and mystical beliefs. Gyekye insists there are main cultural values and practices of traditional Africa that can be considered positive features of the culture and can be accommodated in the scheme of African modernity, even if they undergo some elegance and pruning to become fully harmonious with the spirit of modern culture and to function.. satisfactorily within that culture (ibid). he discusses these traditional African values at length under the humanity, brotherhood, communalism and individualism, morality, the family economic system, chief ship and politics, human rights, knowledge and wisdom, aesthetics.CONCLUSIONIt is clear from the foregoing study that behavior is affected by numerous factors as discussed in this paper. Among the factors are ancestral directives, alcohol, belief, culture, emotions values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion, genetics, attitudes, situational e.t.c.

Mediated Communication: Connected or Disconnected? Essay

AbstractWe totally seem to live and breathe social media. direct a message and wedgeing connected is as easy as it can get. Technology is essentially transforming traditional methods and revolutionizing the bureau we communicate with one another. Today, we have to stay relevant, informed, and up-to-date on the newest dialogue channels and incorporate them into our range of daily activities. However to chassis meaningful connections between people, we select to let engineering science upraise our chat, rather than dictate it. As new communication technological advancements become available, our temptation is also to spend less time on face-to-face interactions at the risk of losing the critical context of our message.Of course, texts, e-mails and social media can dramatically impact the speed and volume of messages, but therein also lies the danger in allowing the astute aspects of dialogue and personality to fall by the wayside Face-to-face discussions are the foundation of human communication once established, it allows us to build trust, clearly judge our ideas and minimize misunderstanding. However, for many of us, face-to-face communication seems to be a dying art replaced by text messaging, e-mails, and social media. Human communication and interactions are acquire shaped by available technologies. Thus we have to ask in todays tech-savvy world, are we really connected or essentially confounded? Is social media sabotaging the art of personal communication?On a crisp Friday afternoon last October, Sharon Seline exchanged text messages with her daughter who was in college. They chatted back and forth, milliampere asking how things were going and daughter answering with positive statements followed by emoticons showing smiles, b-i-g smiles and hearts(/). Happiness. Later that night, her daughter attempted suicide.In the days that followed, it came to light that shed been holed up in her hostel room, crying and showing signs of depression a co mpletely different reality from the one that she conveyed in texts, Facebook posts and tweets . (Courtesy Forbes magazine, April2012) As human beings, our that real method of connection is through authentic communication. Studies show that only 7%of communication is based on the written or verbal word. A whopping 93% is based on nonverbal body language. Indeed, its only when we can hear a tone of voice or expect into someones eyes that were able to know when Im fine doesnt mean theyre fine at allor when Im just sad means theyre thoroughly depressed. Flooded in technology, anyone can hide behind the text, the e-mail, the Facebook post or the tweet, projecting any image they want and creating an illusion of their choice.They can be whoever they want to be and without the ability to see or feel, their audiences are none the wiser. all relevant metric shows that we are interacting at breakneck speed and frequency through social media. But are we really communicating? With 93% of our communication context stripped away, we are now attempting to forge familys and make decisions based on phrases, abbreviations, snippets, emoticons which may or may not be accurate representations of the truth. This presents an infrequent paradox. With all the powerful social technologies at our fingertips, we are more connected and potentially more disconnected than ever before. This is where social media gets dicey.Communication Barriers New Dimensions complaisant technologies have broken the barriers of space and time, enabling us to interact 24/7 with more people all over the world. The focus is now on communication quantity rather than quality and Superficiality against authenticity? But like any revolutionary concept, it has initiated a new set of barriers and threats. It is an ironic federal agency where social media has the potential to make us less social a surrogate for the real thing. For it to be a truly effective communication vehicle, communicators can a responsi bility to be genuine, accurate, and not allow it to replace human contact altogether. In the workplace, the commit of electronic communication has overtaken face-to-face and voice-to-voice communication by a wide margin. This major shift has been driven by two major forces the speed/geographic dispersion of business, and the lack of comfort with traditional interpersonal communication among a growing segment of our employee population Gen Y and Millennials. Studies show that these generations which will comprise more than 50% of the workforce by 2020 would prefer to use instant messaging or other social media than stop by and talk with someone.This new communication preference is one of thegenerational gaps plaguing organizations as employers tense to manage a new set of expectations and norms in their younger employees. The majority of the worlds largest businesses are using social media with little thought as to how it can contribute to the organizations overall strategy and t hat its use is destroying the integrity of face-to-face conversations and replacing it with hidden conversations. This is arguably true to some period with many companies confused as to the role it should play inside the corporate framework. Further, because most business communication is now done via e-mails, texts, instant messaging, intranets, blogs, websites and other technology enabled media, minus body language, the potential for misinterpretation is growing.Rushed and stressed, people often do not take the time to consider the nuances of their writing. Conflicts explode over a tone of an e-mail, or that all-important cc list. When someone writes a text in all capital letters, does it mean they are shouting? Are one- or two-word responses a sign that the person doesnt want to engage? On the flip side, does a smiley face or an abbreviated acknowledgement of agreement really mean they are all set and aligned? Unfortunately conclusions are drawn on frighteningly little informati on.Getting historicalIn this fit out world when we have only abridged words and faceless chats instead of voice, face and body expression how then do we communicate effectively and build more authentic relationships? Leaders must consider the impact on business relationships and the ability to effectively collaborate, build trust, and create employee bout and loyalty. Susan Tardanico, leadership and communications executive coach, consultant and professional speaker and CEO of the Authentic Leadership Alliance LLC suggests certain ways for keeping communication realSuggestions for Keeping E-Communication RealAddress your issues. If you are drawing a conclusion about experiencing a conflict based on an electronic exchange, then pick up the mobilize or have a face-to-face conversation to clear things up. Me first. Make an effort to check your own communications to ensure you arent sending an unfaithfulmessage. Take steps to put forth an accurate picture of reality. Bridging the g ap. As employees and employers, there are chances of dealing with different generations who have noticeably different communication preferences. Talk with colleagues about this aspect and ask for input on the best way to keep communication flowing through the team.Stay connected. Dont fall prey to the comfort of sitting behind closed doors and doing all your work from behind a computer screen or the hand-held device. No doubt it takes the pressure rack up many of the complexities of management, but this also disconnects us from face to face connections. Find a way to stay connected with colleagues employee relationship is one of the determining factors for level of engagement and loyalty to the organization. Beware of the disconnect. An eloquent and motivating online communication is easy to write. But if our words are not unvarying with our actions and reality, this disconnect will harm our credibility and impede our ability to work effectively. Two-way communication. Communicati on is essentially a two-way process. Just because youve fired off an e-mail or text, it doesnt mean communication has taken place. We must pay attention to the feedback to see if our message is understood and accepted.Considering that this trend is here to stay, we need to create cultures where managers, employees and stakeholders renew their efforts to get at the real messages and issues. When colleagues spend personal time we can expect better working abilities. Correlations between face-to-face relationship-building and employee engagement and loyalty are a concept that has been proven again and again over the years. This has also been excellently explored in the concept Management by paseo Around in Tom Peters groundbreaking book In Search of Excellence. As global citizens of a technologically-enabled world we must find a way to incorporate all the amazing benefits which mediated communication has to offer while ensuring that we arent losing the human touch with the most signif icant personal and professional relationships.

Hamlet Act Two Essay

Hamlet Act ll An important causa in the play Hamlet is Polonius. Polonius is often thought to be foolish, and thoughtless. However, Polonius is anything but foolish, and thoughtless. Polonius is a man who is real intellectual, and he provides guidance to those who need it. For example, his advice to Reynaldo on how tomonitor Laertess wild behavior is magnificent and brilliant. His advice to Ophelia some Hamlet, love, and affection is very accurate.Polonius is considered a fool to whatever people, because Hamlet is making it seem that way, he wants to put Polonius down, and make Polonius seem like a fool. Hamlet is rude to Polonius, and constantly making fun of him. At one point Hamlet calls Polonius a fishmonger. Hamlet then makes his insult worse by wishing that Polonius were as honest as a fishmonger, which is to say that Polonius is lower than the lowest.Although, Polonius is nothing of the sort, another example of Polonius providing guidance to those who need it is when Laerte s is waiting for his ship to depart, Polonius has a couple of minutes to tellhim how to live well. His apprise advice is insightful and parental. He tells Laertes to think beforehe acts, listen more than talk,keep good friends close but dont worryabout drinking buddies. Dont get in fights, watch your money, and take care of your appearance, things like that. Polonius is the kind to seek to discover the truth on his own.He studies Hamlet to link his madness to love and betrayal. He then seeks to trial his theories by testing Hamlets sanity through a plentifulness of inquiring questions. A foolish man does not do this. Perhaps, Polonius was just putting on an act, to make people think that he was foolish and stupid. disregardless of his motives, Polonius cannot be described as a simple character. Polonius has gotten a bad reputation, but further depth into his character reveals that Polonius is indeed a complex character with a great deal of wisdom.

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature Vs. Nurture For centuries psychologists acquire argued over which plays the larger utilization in tike development, heredity or purlieu. unmatchable of the first theories was proposed in the 17th century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a pip-squeak was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning fatuous slate) and that eachthing the barbarian instructs comes from commence, nonhing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought by his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint.With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of deportmentism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a tiddler can be made into any class of person, regardless of their heredity. To solar day, more or less psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture ( surround) play an important role, non independently, but as they interact together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the nig h important eventors believed to influence a child ar pargonnts. Parents are accreditn to share a distinctive bond with their children. This fussy bond is what enables parents to shape their children.Whether it is into free- allow fored adolescents, specify to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults provideing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a need stricken child. Parents hit the index number to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good mien. Using physical abuse realizes rapacious children, but having patience and grounds leaves a child fall in capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn step forward (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a red-hot struggle is taking place.As the source of The Nurture Assumption Why baberen Turn Out the Way They Do Parents Matter slight Than You Think and Peers Matter More, Judith loaded Harris argues t hat parents eat absolutely no say in what kind of children they raise. She claims that after the parents contribute an egg or sperm alter with DNA, their capriole of creating a child is complete. Her book is backed by some 750 references, but most of her conclusions come from the observation of her consume cardinal daughters one her own and one adopted (Begley, p. 53). Parents, however, do play an important role in childhood development.For the purposes of this essay, her theory that parents have no measure effects on a childs personality will be argued. The following contains supporting scientific evidence. The DNA structure of a human, the genes, delineates the height a person will reach, whether an individuals eyes will be green or brown, and if a persons hair will be straight or curly (Saplosky, p. 44). Research has to a fault found that genes are 30 to 70 percent answerable for personality traits such as ill will, passion, shyness and intelligence. The otherwise 30 to 70 percent of a persons personality develop from the environment (Pool, p. 2). elements, however, are not what produces a behavior, an emotion, or even a thought. Instead, genes produce a protein that contains hormones, which carry messages between cells, and neurotransmitters that carry messages between nerve cells. The protein also contains receptors that have got the hormonal and neurotransmitter messages as rise as enzymes that read the messages. So what does all this have to do with behavior? Well, the hormone does not cause a behavior either, but rather a reaction. This reaction is a purpose to respond to the individuals environment in a certain port. This response is behavior.With stunned the ever changing environment, behavior would not happen (Saplosky, p. 42-43). Wouldnt this fact make everyone act the resembling? Everyone lives in the comparable world. Everyone is facing the same problems of a growing population, contaminant, and disintegrating resources. Wouldnt this make everyone act the same? Not at all. When sermon of the environment that shapes a persons personality, it isnt the environment that the world population shares. It includes more personal things like birth order and personal, unique vitality experiences. This is the environment that influences behavior.Things like the pollution leave no durable effect on a childs behavior (Pool, p. 52). Everyones genes also differ. Of the DNA found in every human being, besides 5% can be coded and employ to determine which proteins will be used. The other 95% of non coded DNA is used as a instruction manual for the operator. The environment being the operator which regulates the genes. In turn, a personality is produced. As well as having different genes to produce different proteins, the proteins produce hormones at different levels. For example, two people both have the same functioning gene.The hormones produced are the same, but function at different levels. Therefore, one of them w hitethorn become more prostrate to depression than the other scarce because the proteins in that persons genes function, in a sense, better (Sapolsky, p. 46). Parents can not determine whether or not their family history of shyness is passed on to their children, but they can determine if they are going to let it control their childrens life. Studies done by Harvard scholar Jerome Kagan prove that parents who shake their timid children to try new things end up with children who are far less fearful.On the other hand, overprotective parents did nothing to ease their childrens discomfort. Intervention studies, studies alike to Kagans, have shown that parents who purposely adjustment their behavior can change their childs behavior. Although genes cannot be helped, parents can control whether or not they affect the child (Begley, p. 56). Research has also found that a childs experience of his or her parents is an especially square sculptor in parts of the brain involved with emotio n, personality, and behavior.Strong bonds with parents are found to summation a childs ability to learn and cope with stress. On the other hand, abusive parents raise children that in later years grow to express inappropriate aggression and have a fine attention span. Having responsive, sensitive parents urge trust and secure attachments. Yet, insensitive and withdrawn parents create an insecure attachment. Developmental psychologists agree, the bond children have with parents is essential for them to become well-functioning adults (Wright, p. 76).Megan Gunnar, a developmental psychologist at the University of atomic number 25 in Minneapolis, studies relationships between parents and children. One of her studies focused on the relationship between attachment guarantor and reaction to stress. Gunnar found that when infants were exposed to stressful situations, such as vaccinations, strangers, or separation from the mother, the stress hormone cortisol was produced. By the age of two, the hormone wasnt produced by the toddlers in stressful situations, although they acted out as if it were.These children, however, had secure attachments to their parents. Children who didnt have the security still produced the hormone cortisol (Wright, p. 76). Harris, who feels parents leave no impression on their children, believes that enate divorce has no lasting effects on the way children behave (Begley, p. 56). Heredity, she says, is what makes a child act out about or during a divorce. The fact, though, is that the bad situation of the family causes a child to act out (Edwards, p. 31). For a child, friends, pets, teachers, and others important people whitethorn come and go.Parents and their family, however, should always be there for them. When parents divorce, a child may feel confused and may not know how to handle it (Edwards, p. 31). Acting out is one way of showing anger and hurt. Parents, although they dont realize it, are shaping their childs personality. Whe ther it is by playacting out or belongings it all in, children are influenced by their parents actions. Kids will be kids. Its a common phrase. Everybody uses it, but not everybody understands it. Parents often feel that, notwithstanding their efforts, their children will do what they want.Theyll pot and drink and party. Theyll cuss and cheat. Theyll go against their parents wishes. Why? Because human behavior often follows cultural norms (Pinker, p. 94). If the parents did their job well, the rebellion will only be a symbolize that the child will grow out of. If parents didnt do their job right, the stage may roofy the mood for the rest of the childs life. Parents are the most influential environmental factors in a childs behavior. A special bond is shared between children and their parents. As Roger Rosenblatt jell it, We do what we can as parents, one child at a time.We take what we get in our children, and they take what they get in us, making compromises and adjustments where we are able, making rules and explanations, but for the most part letting things happen. . . (Rosenblatt, p. 90). Genes may determine the possibilities of personality available, but it is the parents that make those possibilities possible. Parents matter. Bibliography Arkinson, Rita L. Psychological Development Introduction to Psychology. New York Harcourt straddle Jovanovich Inc. , 1993. Begley, Sharon. The Parent Trap, Newsweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. Divorce claim Not Harm Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. Scapegoat Biology. Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. Against Nature. Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. Portrait of a Gene Guy. Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. A Game of Catch, Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. A Gene For Nothing, Dis cover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. Divorce Harms Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints.Nature vs. NurtureNature Vs. Nurture For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. One of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning blank slate) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, nothing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint.With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today, most psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) play an important role, not independently, but as they interact together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the most important factors believed to influence a child are parents. Parents are known to share a distinctive bond with their children. This special bond is what enables parents to shape their children.Whether it is into free-willed adolescents, ready to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults willing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a poverty stricken child. Parents have the power to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good behavior. Using physical abuse produces aggressive children, but having patience and understanding leaves a child better capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn out (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a new debate is taking place.As the author of The Nurture Assumption Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do Parents Matter Less Than You Think and Peers Matter More , Judith Rich Harris argues that parents have absolutely no say in what kind of children they raise. She claims that after the parents contribute an egg or sperm filled with DNA, their job of creating a child is complete. Her book is backed by some 750 references, but most of her conclusions come from the observation of her own two daughters one her own and one adopted (Begley, p. 53). Parents, however, do play an important role in childhood development.For the purposes of this essay, her theory that parents have no lasting effects on a childs personality will be argued. The following contains supporting scientific evidence. The DNA structure of a human, the genes, determines the height a person will reach, whether an individuals eyes will be green or brown, and if a persons hair will be straight or curly (Saplosky, p. 44). Research has also found that genes are 30 to 70 percent responsible for personality traits such as aggression, passion, shyness and intelligence. The other 30 to 70 percent of a persons personality develop from the environment (Pool, p. 2). Genes, however, are not what produces a behavior, an emotion, or even a thought. Instead, genes produce a protein that contains hormones, which carry messages between cells, and neurotransmitters that carry messages between nerve cells. The protein also contains receptors that receive the hormonal and neurotransmitter messages as well as enzymes that read the messages. So what does all this have to do with behavior? Well, the hormone does not cause a behavior either, but rather a reaction. This reaction is a tendency to respond to the individuals environment in a certain way. This response is behavior.Without the ever changing environment, behavior would not happen (Saplosky, p. 42-43). Wouldnt this fact make everyone act the same? Everyone lives in the same world. Everyone is facing the same problems of a growing population, pollution, and disintegrating resources. Wouldnt this make everyone act the sam e? Not at all. When speaking of the environment that shapes a persons personality, it isnt the environment that the world population shares. It includes more personal things like birth order and personal, unique life experiences. This is the environment that influences behavior.Things like the pollution leave no lasting effect on a childs behavior (Pool, p. 52). Everyones genes also differ. Of the DNA found in every human being, only 5% can be coded and used to determine which proteins will be used. The other 95% of non coded DNA is used as a instruction manual for the operator. The environment being the operator which regulates the genes. In turn, a personality is produced. As well as having different genes to produce different proteins, the proteins produce hormones at different levels. For example, two people both have the same functioning gene.The hormones produced are the same, but function at different levels. Therefore, one of them may become more prone to depression than the other simply because the proteins in that persons genes function, in a sense, better (Sapolsky, p. 46). Parents can not determine whether or not their family history of shyness is passed on to their children, but they can determine if they are going to let it control their childrens life. Studies done by Harvard scholar Jerome Kagan prove that parents who push their timid children to try new things end up with children who are far less fearful.On the other hand, overprotective parents did nothing to ease their childrens discomfort. Intervention studies, studies similar to Kagans, have shown that parents who purposely change their behavior can change their childs behavior. Although genes cannot be helped, parents can control whether or not they affect the child (Begley, p. 56). Research has also found that a childs experience of his or her parents is an especially strong sculptor in parts of the brain involved with emotion, personality, and behavior.Strong bonds with parents are fou nd to increase a childs ability to learn and cope with stress. On the other hand, abusive parents raise children that in later years grow to express inappropriate aggression and have a small attention span. Having responsive, sensitive parents inspire trust and secure attachments. Yet, insensitive and withdrawn parents create an insecure attachment. Developmental psychologists agree, the bond children have with parents is essential for them to become well-functioning adults (Wright, p. 76).Megan Gunnar, a developmental psychologist at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, studies relationships between parents and children. One of her studies focused on the relationship between attachment security and reaction to stress. Gunnar found that when infants were exposed to stressful situations, such as vaccinations, strangers, or separation from the mother, the stress hormone cortisol was produced. By the age of two, the hormone wasnt produced by the toddlers in stressful situations, although they acted out as if it were.These children, however, had secure attachments to their parents. Children who didnt have the security still produced the hormone cortisol (Wright, p. 76). Harris, who feels parents leave no impression on their children, believes that Parental divorce has no lasting effects on the way children behave (Begley, p. 56). Heredity, she says, is what makes a child act out about or during a divorce. The fact, though, is that the unstable situation of the family causes a child to act out (Edwards, p. 31). For a child, friends, pets, teachers, and others important people may come and go.Parents and their family, however, should always be there for them. When parents divorce, a child may feel lost and may not know how to handle it (Edwards, p. 31). Acting out is one way of showing anger and hurt. Parents, although they dont realize it, are shaping their childs personality. Whether it is by acting out or holding it all in, children are influenced by their parents actions. Kids will be kids. Its a common phrase. Everybody uses it, but not everybody understands it. Parents often feel that, despite their efforts, their children will do what they want.Theyll smoke and drink and party. Theyll cuss and cheat. Theyll go against their parents wishes. Why? Because human behavior often follows cultural norms (Pinker, p. 94). If the parents did their job well, the rebellion will only be a stage that the child will grow out of. If parents didnt do their job right, the stage may set the mood for the rest of the childs life. Parents are the most influential environmental factors in a childs behavior. A special bond is shared between children and their parents. As Roger Rosenblatt put it, We do what we can as parents, one child at a time.We take what we get in our children, and they take what they get in us, making compromises and adjustments where we are able, making rules and explanations, but for the most part letting things happen. . . (Rosen blatt, p. 90). Genes may determine the possibilities of personality available, but it is the parents that make those possibilities possible. Parents matter. Bibliography Arkinson, Rita L. Psychological Development Introduction to Psychology. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. , 1993. Begley, Sharon. The Parent Trap, Newsweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. Divorce Need Not Harm Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. Scapegoat Biology. Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. Against Nature. Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. Portrait of a Gene Guy. Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. A Game of Catch, Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. A Gene For Nothing, Discover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. Divorce Harms Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Nature vs. NurtureNature Vs. Nurture For centuries psychologists have argued over which plays the larger role in child development, heredity or environment. One of the first theories was proposed in the seventeenth century by the British philosopher John Locke. Locke believed that a child was born with an empty mind, tabula rasa (meaning blank slate) and that everything the child learns comes from experience, nothing is established beforehand. Years later, Charles Darwin brought forth his theory of evolution, which led to a return of the hereditarian viewpoint.With the twentieth century, however, came the rise of behaviorism. Behaviorists, like John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, argued that a child can be made into any kind of person, regardless of their heredity. Today, most psychologists agree that both nature (genes) and nurture (environment) play an important role, not independently, but as they interact together (Atkinson, p. 72). One of the most important factors believed to in fluence a child are parents. Parents are known to share a distinctive bond with their children. This special bond is what enables parents to shape their children.Whether it is into free-willed adolescents, ready to challenge any controversy, or into caring adults willing to spend the seventy cents a day to save a poverty stricken child. Parents have the power to mold their children. Setting firm, yet sensible, guidelines teaches children discipline and good behavior. Using physical abuse produces aggressive children, but having patience and understanding leaves a child better capable to handle stress in later years. How parents raise their children influences how they will turn out (Begley, p. 53). Surprisingly, a new debate is taking place.As the author of The Nurture Assumption Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do Parents Matter Less Than You Think and Peers Matter More, Judith Rich Harris argues that parents have absolutely no say in what kind of children they raise. She claims that after the parents contribute an egg or sperm filled with DNA, their job of creating a child is complete. Her book is backed by some 750 references, but most of her conclusions come from the observation of her own two daughters one her own and one adopted (Begley, p. 53). Parents, however, do play an important role in childhood development.For the purposes of this essay, her theory that parents have no lasting effects on a childs personality will be argued. The following contains supporting scientific evidence. The DNA structure of a human, the genes, determines the height a person will reach, whether an individuals eyes will be green or brown, and if a persons hair will be straight or curly (Saplosky, p. 44). Research has also found that genes are 30 to 70 percent responsible for personality traits such as aggression, passion, shyness and intelligence. The other 30 to 70 percent of a persons personality develop from the environment (Pool, p. 2). Genes, however, are not what pro duces a behavior, an emotion, or even a thought. Instead, genes produce a protein that contains hormones, which carry messages between cells, and neurotransmitters that carry messages between nerve cells. The protein also contains receptors that receive the hormonal and neurotransmitter messages as well as enzymes that read the messages. So what does all this have to do with behavior? Well, the hormone does not cause a behavior either, but rather a reaction. This reaction is a tendency to respond to the individuals environment in a certain way. This response is behavior.Without the ever changing environment, behavior would not happen (Saplosky, p. 42-43). Wouldnt this fact make everyone act the same? Everyone lives in the same world. Everyone is facing the same problems of a growing population, pollution, and disintegrating resources. Wouldnt this make everyone act the same? Not at all. When speaking of the environment that shapes a persons personality, it isnt the environment that the world population shares. It includes more personal things like birth order and personal, unique life experiences. This is the environment that influences behavior.Things like the pollution leave no lasting effect on a childs behavior (Pool, p. 52). Everyones genes also differ. Of the DNA found in every human being, only 5% can be coded and used to determine which proteins will be used. The other 95% of non coded DNA is used as a instruction manual for the operator. The environment being the operator which regulates the genes. In turn, a personality is produced. As well as having different genes to produce different proteins, the proteins produce hormones at different levels. For example, two people both have the same functioning gene.The hormones produced are the same, but function at different levels. Therefore, one of them may become more prone to depression than the other simply because the proteins in that persons genes function, in a sense, better (Sapolsky, p. 46). Parents can not determine whether or not their family history of shyness is passed on to their children, but they can determine if they are going to let it control their childrens life. Studies done by Harvard scholar Jerome Kagan prove that parents who push their timid children to try new things end up with children who are far less fearful.On the other hand, overprotective parents did nothing to ease their childrens discomfort. Intervention studies, studies similar to Kagans, have shown that parents who purposely change their behavior can change their childs behavior. Although genes cannot be helped, parents can control whether or not they affect the child (Begley, p. 56). Research has also found that a childs experience of his or her parents is an especially strong sculptor in parts of the brain involved with emotion, personality, and behavior.Strong bonds with parents are found to increase a childs ability to learn and cope with stress. On the other hand, abusive parents raise children that in later years grow to express inappropriate aggression and have a small attention span. Having responsive, sensitive parents inspire trust and secure attachments. Yet, insensitive and withdrawn parents create an insecure attachment. Developmental psychologists agree, the bond children have with parents is essential for them to become well-functioning adults (Wright, p. 76).Megan Gunnar, a developmental psychologist at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, studies relationships between parents and children. One of her studies focused on the relationship between attachment security and reaction to stress. Gunnar found that when infants were exposed to stressful situations, such as vaccinations, strangers, or separation from the mother, the stress hormone cortisol was produced. By the age of two, the hormone wasnt produced by the toddlers in stressful situations, although they acted out as if it were.These children, however, had secure attachments to their parents. Childre n who didnt have the security still produced the hormone cortisol (Wright, p. 76). Harris, who feels parents leave no impression on their children, believes that Parental divorce has no lasting effects on the way children behave (Begley, p. 56). Heredity, she says, is what makes a child act out about or during a divorce. The fact, though, is that the unstable situation of the family causes a child to act out (Edwards, p. 31). For a child, friends, pets, teachers, and others important people may come and go.Parents and their family, however, should always be there for them. When parents divorce, a child may feel lost and may not know how to handle it (Edwards, p. 31). Acting out is one way of showing anger and hurt. Parents, although they dont realize it, are shaping their childs personality. Whether it is by acting out or holding it all in, children are influenced by their parents actions. Kids will be kids. Its a common phrase. Everybody uses it, but not everybody understands it. P arents often feel that, despite their efforts, their children will do what they want.Theyll smoke and drink and party. Theyll cuss and cheat. Theyll go against their parents wishes. Why? Because human behavior often follows cultural norms (Pinker, p. 94). If the parents did their job well, the rebellion will only be a stage that the child will grow out of. If parents didnt do their job right, the stage may set the mood for the rest of the childs life. Parents are the most influential environmental factors in a childs behavior. A special bond is shared between children and their parents. As Roger Rosenblatt put it, We do what we can as parents, one child at a time.We take what we get in our children, and they take what they get in us, making compromises and adjustments where we are able, making rules and explanations, but for the most part letting things happen. . . (Rosenblatt, p. 90). Genes may determine the possibilities of personality available, but it is the parents that make t hose possibilities possible. Parents matter. Bibliography Arkinson, Rita L. Psychological Development Introduction to Psychology. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. , 1993. Begley, Sharon. The Parent Trap, Newsweek, (September 7, 1998). p. 52-59. Edwards, Randall. Divorce Need Not Harm Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Series Editors. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1998. Kevles, Behhyann H. and Daniel J. Scapegoat Biology. Discover, (October 1997). p. 58-62. Pinker, Steven. Against Nature. Discover, (October 1997). p. 92-95. Pool, Robert. Portrait of a Gene Guy. Discover, (October 1997). p. 51-55. Rosenblatt, Roger. A Game of Catch, Time, Vol. 152 (July 13, 1998). p. 90. Sapolsky, Robert. A Gene For Nothing, Discover, (October 1997). p. 40-46. Waldman, Steven. Divorce Harms Children. in Child Welfare Opposing Viewpoints.