African Society

This study seek to highlight why roughly people in the miscue study snarl that intoxi ignoret controlled sort. This case study analysis item-by-item unit ( e.g a mortal, company, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to the study. The case study is common in friendly sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is used to explore causation in order to comment underlying principles. They maybe prospective, in which criteria argon established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they conk available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historic records for including in the study.It also highlight how a whimsey in ancestors related to behavior (e.g overlooking ancestral directives, there by fussting cursed and how any(prenominal) hotshot blamed the behavior of some people on the names they were given from birth. The assertion that the somebodys behavior after which a child was named de statusined the behavior of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent possibleness of nature/reflection in the case study.Furthermore, this case study analyze the validity that behavior is a matter of tradition (e.g up bring of children by parents.DEFINATION tally to Thomas (2011) case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistic every(prenominal)y by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry allow for be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame- an object- within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicatesSilverman (2005) reveals that, earlier than using samples following a rigid protocol (strict lay verboten of rules) to examine limited number of valuables, case study methods involve an in- depth, languishitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a si ngle instance or event a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, hoard data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the investigateer may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in early search. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis.According to Lamneck (2005) another(prenominal) suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real- life context. Case study research way single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical promptings. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical role model for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This also supported and well formulated in (Lamneck, 2005) the case study is a research approach, situated between cover data taking techniques and methodological paradigms.The case study is sometimes mistaken for the case method, but the two are not the same.Generalizing From case studiesKyekye (1996) states that, a little case can be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the general problem (e.g like in Mwense district research where some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior)A critical case allows the following type of generalization, if it is valid for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases. In its negative form, the generalization would be, if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or only few) cases.( Lamnek, 2005).According to Karl popper, the case study is also effective for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which for ms part of critical reflexivity. Falsification is one of the most rigorous tests to which a scientific proposition can be subjected if just one observation does not fit with the proposition it is considered not valid generally and must therefore be either revised or rejected. Popper him self used the now famous example, All swans are white, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way work general significance and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying black swans because of its in- depth approach what appear to be white a great deal turns on closer examination to be black By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 2006, P. 225-6).Misunderstandings about case study ResearchAccording to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and rigs five prevalent misunderstanding about case study research General , theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge. One cannot generalize on the rear of an individual case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a tendency to comfirm the researchers preconceived notions. It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies.(Osei, 1971).According to a research which was conducted in Mwense district some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior and to add value to the case study In the first of all stage of drunkenness, drink was no longer social but became a means of emotional escape from problems, inhibitions, anxiety, and in many instances, from realities of life. Stated in another way, early in the disease problem drinkers starts to depend on the mood altering capabilities of alcohol consumption. Also at this stage of alcoholism, a gradual improver in tolerance develops, meaning that increasing aggregates of alcohol are needed in order for the problem drinker to feel the buzz or to get high.(Flyvbjerg, 2006).Furthermore, it is common for people with a drinking problem in the first stage of alcoholism to quickly drink a few intoxicant beverage before attending social functions and to increase social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day. Obviously, it can be determined that such behavior will eventually result in a host of drinking problems. In the second stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more intense. During this stage of the disease, the individual with the drinking problem frequently starts to drink earlier in the day.(Lamnek, 2005)As tolerance increases, moreover, the person drinks because of dependence on alcohol, rather than because of emotional and psycholog ical stress and anxiety relief. During this stage, loss of control does not yet happen on a regular basis it is however, gradually observed by others such as neighbors, co- workers, relatives, friends, and family members. In the third stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more pronounced and more problematic. This means that the problem drinker is usually unable to drink according to his or her intentions. for example, once the person takes the first drink, he or she can no longer control what will happen, even though the intention might start out been to have one or two drinks. During this stage of the disease, most problem drinkers start to experience serious alcohol- related, financial, employment, legal, and relationship problems.(Robert, 1970). The fourth and final stage of alcoholism is characterized by a chronic loss of control. In the earlier stages of the disease, the alcoholic may have been successful in maintaining a job. Now, however, drinking starts earlier in the day and usually continues throughout the day. Few, if any, full- time work positions, however, can be maintained once an individual has reached this state of affairs.(Thomas,2011).Classic Alcoholic BehaviorThe term alcoholism means the same thing as alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction, and alcohol dependence.Hence, some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior in Mwense district because of the information articulated above, it is clear that the four stages of classic alcoholic behavior do not point a comely picture of the sad realities and the drinking problems that most chronic alcoholics experience in Mwanse district. In fact, it is clear that as the disease progresses, so do the drinking problems that are experienced by the alcoholic. Perhaps the damaging and unhealthy consequences of this disease might not make much of an impact on those who are already alcohol dependant. It is hoped, however, that exposing the facts about this disease to our yout h before they start abusing alcohol will prevent many of the teens from suffering the grim fate of most alcoholics.Belief In Ancestors Relates To BehaviorA belief is a degree of certainty we have that something is true. Our core beliefs are often based on the beliefs of other people we unconsciously accepted as true when we were too young to decide if the persons belief really served us.(Osei, 1971).Hence, ancestral belief refers to a generalized belief about the amount of control people have over their own lives. Individuals who feel that they are very much in charge of their won destiny have an indispensable locus of control those who think of that events in their life are due mainly to fate/luck or powerful others have an external locus of control. Locus of control is a generalized belief, so people with an external locus can feel in control in familiar situations. (Steven L. Mcshane et al. 2005).Moreover, from the research, we have suggested that perception of people and event s is organized into categories. How this is done depends partly on sensation, partly on the principles of perception, and partly on the nature of the individual. Another fact of the individual is the set of attitudes that he/she holds.Attitudes are, essentially, feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception.However, to return to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as feelings and beliefs Fishbein (1967) put forward the following hierarchical modelBeliefsWhat we think about people, things, relationship e.t.cAttitudesAffective responses to those people, things, relationships e.t.cIntentionsCognitive statesBehavior or ActionObservable eventsThe Theory of Nature/Reflected In The Case StudyThe extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study refers to the personality. Personality defined as the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks and behaves.Fincham R. describes personality as the relatively enduring combination of traits which makes an individual unique and at the same time produces consistencies in his or her thought and behavior. A standardised definition Rollision Derk defines personality as, those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictors concerning his/her future behavior.(Rollison D., 1998). A complementary definition, Robbins Stephen defines personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and conformable internal states that explain a persons behavioral tendencies.Hence, we say that personality explains behavioral tendencies because individuals actions are not perfectly invariable with their personality profile in every situation. Personality traits are less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems and other conditions contrain behavior.Traits may be defined as individual characteristics of thought or feeling that result in tendencies to have in specific ways. Also traits may be defined as enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently important that trait is in describing an individual. Traits can additionally be sorted to form personality types. Traits may be grouped into groups namely surface traits and source traits. Surface traits for example assertiveness, can be observed in behavior while, source traits such as self- discipline can be inferred.(Rollinson, D. et ,1998).Behavior And TraditionAccording to Robert (1970) refer human behavior as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are square upd by culture, attitudes, emotions, value, ethies, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and /or genetics.Hence, the behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and olibanum is the most basic human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is the more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulated by various means of social control.In addition, the behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.Factors affecting human behavior and actionsMcshane et al (2005) states five factors as below* genetic science (see also evolutionary psychology) affects and governs the individuals tende ncies towards certain directions.* Attitude the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.* Social norms the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior.* Perceived behavioral control the individuals belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.* Core faith the persons set of beliefs, like religion, philosophy, e.t.c provided sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the indian lodge where he or she lives. Social FactorsFactors that influence behavior or personality that arise from interacting with other people early socialization, which consists in fundamental interaction with parents, siblings and peers has an effect on the way we act and think. The behaviorist school of psychology which debates all human as environmentally determined refer to personality as just hive away learn ing experiences (skinner, 1974). Much of personality comes through learning and so childhood experiences are paramount to the unfolding of personality. Cultural FactorsAccording to Kyekye (1996) a wider social beliefs, value and motives that are absorbed by an individual and guide behavior towards that which is acceptable within a particular social context when high value is set on achievement and individualism in a certain society, we will find that this may affect individual personality in instilling a trait of the need to achieve.(Shutte, 1993). Situational FactorsAccording to Osei (1971) this refers to the effect of a specific experience or situation on a persons feelings and behavior. And individuals personality, while generally stable and consistent, does turn in different situations call forth different aspects of ones personality. Situations like church, tradition, a picnic in a picnic in a park do affect behavior differently. Examples here may be trauma of losing a parent or loved one. Certain situation can bring out unrecognized aspects of personality we have never been aware of. Personality development is an ongoing process, but to some degree personalities can be deemed as stable.(Senghor, 1963).According to Gyekye (1998), regard concepts of the individual and self to be almost totally dependant on and subordinate to social entities and ethnic process. Kenya theology professor John S. Miti (1969 and 1992), for example, believes that individual has little latitude for self determination outside the context of the traditional African family and community. He writes whatever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual. The individual can only say I am, because we are and since we are, therefore I am. This is a cardinal point in the understanding of the African view of man (1969 109).Furthermore, Ghanaian philosopher Gyekye (1998), the individual, although originating from a nd inextricably bound to his family and community, nevertheless possesses a clear concept of himself as a distinct person of volition. It is from this combined sense of personhood and common membership that the family and community except individuals to take personality enhancing and socially responsible decisions. Although he accepts the dominant entity of African social order is the community, Gyekye believes it would be more correct to describe that order as amphibious, for it manifests features of both community and individuality. African social thought seeks to avoid the excesses of the two exaggerated systems, while allowing for a meaningful albeit uneasy, interaction between the individual and the society (198831-32)According to senegales philosopher Leopold senghor (1966) regards tradition African society to be based both on the community and on the person in which, because it was founded on dialogue and reciprocity, the group had priority over the individual without crushi ng him, but allowing to blossom as a person (19665).According to South African philosophy professor Shutte (1993), citing the Xhosa proverb umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through persons), writesThis (proverb) is the xhosa expression of a notion that is common all African languages and traditional cultures. It is implicated both with the peculiar interdependence of persons on others for the exercise, development and fulfillment of their powers that is recognized in African traditional thought, and also with the understanding of what it is to be a person that underlies this. In European philosophy of whatever phase, the self is always envisaged as something inside a person, or at least as a kind of container of mental properties and powers. In African thought it is seen as outside subsisting in relationship to what is other, the natural and social environment.According to Ghananian historian Osei (1971) believes that Africa should chart its future from its endemical cultural traditions and adopt only those aspects of no- Africa cultures that are compatible with Africas needs, goals and circumstances namely, a scientific perspective and western educational practices.Taking a broader perspective, Thairu (1975) argues for a future of greater regional integration through educational and cultural exchanges within and between African nations. This, he says, will bring into the open pan- Africa cultural similarities, shape up more widespread understanding and tolerance on the continent, and contribute to greater overall African unit philosopher Gyekye (1998) shares much of Nyasani, Makgoba and Thairu concern over Africans too often for saking Indigenous African values and their wholesale and uncritical adoption.According to Gyekye (1996) abhors the fact that ancestors continue to be of paramount importance in modern and traditional African life. He also recommends that for Africa to progress scientifically and technologically, science should be resc ued from the morass of (traditional) African religious and mystical beliefs. Gyekye insists there are main cultural values and practices of traditional Africa that can be considered positive features of the culture and can be accommodated in the scheme of African modernity, even if they undergo some elegance and pruning to become fully harmonious with the spirit of modern culture and to function.. satisfactorily within that culture (ibid). he discusses these traditional African values at length under the humanity, brotherhood, communalism and individualism, morality, the family economic system, chief ship and politics, human rights, knowledge and wisdom, aesthetics.CONCLUSIONIt is clear from the foregoing study that behavior is affected by numerous factors as discussed in this paper. Among the factors are ancestral directives, alcohol, belief, culture, emotions values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion, genetics, attitudes, situational e.t.c.